Comprehensive Review of Geography and Early American History for Social Studies 7

1. Social Studies 7 Final Exam Review Part I

2. Geography • Know your states, lakes, oceans, rivers, mountains, plains, and other landforms • Know your continents • Know your time zones • Know a map of New York State

3. Continents

4. Time Zones

5. Latitude and Longitude

6. Latitude • Lines run from east to west • Measured in degrees north and south of the equator • Also known as parallels • 0 degrees latitude--equator • Think of the rungs of a ladder!

7. Longitude • Lines run from north to south • Measured in degrees east and west of the prime meridian • Also known as meridians • 0 degrees longitude--prime meridian

8. Archeology • Archeologists study artifacts • Objects left by previous generations • Often found in digs

9. Economics • Studies how to use limited resources • Money is a limited resource! • Ex--I have $5. Do I buy lunch or a bunch of silly bands?

10. Psychology • The study of how people behave • Ex--If I tell you bad news, you may be sad and cry • If I tell you good news, you may be happy and shake my hand

11. Sources • Atlas--maps • Encyclopedia--alphabetized books of information on a variety of topics • People, places, and things • Almanac--information by dates • Dictionary--definitions of vocabulary

12. Primary First-hand, eyewitness account of an event Picture Journal/Diary Interview Video Secondary After-the-Fact account of an event Textbook Reenactment Encyclopedia Primary v Secondary Sources

13. Native Americans • Adapted to their environments • Inuits killed seals and used kayaks • Iroquois used bark to build houses • Great Plains used buffalo hides • Where possible, waterways were important for fishing, farming, and transportation

14. Coming to America • Crossed a land bridge over the Bering Strait from Asia to North and South America • Followed herds of Wholly Mammoths • >12,000 years ago during the last ice age

15. Mayas, Incas, Aztecs • Highly-advanced and well-organized societies • Developed number systems • Developed a calendar • Built large cities • Incas--terraces • Aztecs--Causeways

16. Iroquois • Lived in present-day New York • Lived in longhouses • Length determined by the # of daughters of the eldest mother • Matrilineal--family traced through the mother • Three sisters-- corn, beans, and squash

17. Iroquois Confederacy or League of Five Nations • Proposed by Dekanawida • Spoken by Hiawatha • All five groups would come together and cooperate for the common defense from other tribes • COSMO-- Cayuga, Oneida, Seneca, Mohawk, Onondaga

18. Exploration • Reasons • Advances in navigation and shipbuilding • Caravel • Astrolabe • Compass • Search of new trade routes • Turks • Spread the Christian faith

19. First Explorers • Bartolomeu Dias (Portugal) • Discovered Cape of Good Hope • Vasco Da Gama (Portugal) • Found all-water route to Asia by going south around the Cape of Good Hope • Christopher Columbus (Spain) • First European to discover America BUT NEVER REALIZED!

20. Spain v Portugal • Both wanted to explore and claim new lands • Asked Pope Alexander to decide who could claim lands • Line of Demarcation • Spain could claim west • Portugal could claim east • Unfair!

21. Treaty of Tordesillas • Moved line of Demarcation 800 miles west • Allowed Portugal to claim what is now Brazil

22. Spain • Conquistadors--conquerors • Cortes- conquered the Aztecs • Pizarro- conquered the Incas • Conquered by: • Spreading diseases • Acted brutally • Natives thought they were gods • Superior weapons • God, Gold, and Glory

23. Dutch • From The Netherlands or Holland • Henry Hudson • Settled New Netherlands in present-day New York State • Capital-- Fort Orange (present-day Albany) • Largest city--New Amsterdam (NYC)

24. French • Quebec • Fur trapping and trading • Learned much from the natives

25. Jamestown • First permanent English settlement in America • Settled near the coast of Virginia • On the James River • Inland from the Atlantic Ocean • Triangular wooden fort

26. Colonies in general • Settled on or near water • Important for farming • Mercantilism--sole purpose of colonies was to benefit the mother country (trade only with the mother country and supply the mother country with raw materials) • Farming families were self-sufficient • Few rights for African-Americans

27. Pilgrims • From England • Moved for religious freedom • Sailed on the Mayflower • Landed in Plymouth • Wrote the Mayflower Compact • To create a government for the new colony

28. New England • Rocky soil and short growing season (long winters) • Poor farming • Good harbors/ports • Shipbuilding • Whaling • Fishing • Town Hall Meetings

29. Middle Colonies • Breadbasket • Lots of grains • Good farming • Grist Mills

30. Southern Colonies • Plantations • Cotton and Sugar • Slavery • Excellent farming

31. Land Ownership • Native Americans believed land could not be owned, only shared • English believed that a deed entitled a person to sole ownership to the land • Caused many battles • Metacom’s War • 1704 Raid on Deerfield

32. French and Indian War • Over control of the Ohio River Valley • Fertile soil and lucrative fur trade • British colonies v French and Indian allies • Major George Washington helped the British to win • WE WERE BRITISH!!!

33. Albany Plan of Union • 13 British colonies fighting the French • Ben Franklin suggested that all 13 colonies come together, form a joint council for defense • Otherwise, they will be defeated by the French! • Join or Die snake • Similar to Iroquois Confederacy

34. Outcome of French and Indian War • British won at Quebec • French lost ALL of their land in North America • British in HUGE debt • Thought the colonists should pay • British won all of North America east of the Mississippi River

35. British Actions • Know Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Tea Act, Intolerable Acts • Passed by Parliament • Purpose--to pay off war debt • Reason for colonial anger-- NO REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT!!!

36. Proclamation of 1763 • Colonists were forbidden from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains • This was to allow Native Americans to settle there • Angered Colonists because they wanted to go to the ORV • Colonists ignored it

37. Quartering Act • Colonists were forced to allow British soldiers to stay in their homes • Cost-saving measure • Britain would not have to pay to house and feed their troops

38. Stamp Act • Tax on legal documents, wills, deeds, newspapers, stationary, playing cards, etc… • Required a stamp with the King’s initials to prove the tax had been paid • Colonists formed the Stamp Act Congress, Sons of Liberty

39. Townshend Acts • Tax on lead, glass, paint, chemicals • Closed New York’s Assembly until they obeyed Quartering Act

40. Tea Act • Colonists could only buy their tea from the British East India Company and pay a tax • Widely-used product • Reaction • Boston Tea Party • Let tea sit on a dock to rot • Blocked tea ships from landing

41. First Continental Congress • Banned all trade with Britain • Ordered colonies to begin training troops • Meet again in 7 months if necessary

42. Second Continental Congress • Formed Continental Army • George Washington would be the commander of the Continental Army • Print paper money to pay the troops

43. Intolerable Acts (Coercive) • Closed the Port of Boston until Massachusetts paid for the destroyed tea • Banned Committees of Correspondence • House troops anywhere • British soldiers accused of crimes in colonies would stand trial in Britain

44. Colonial Reactions • Boycott-- refusal to buy goods • Hurt profits of British merchants • British couldn’t collect taxes if they were not selling any goods! • Petitions • Stamp Act Congress • Ignore • First Continental Congress

45. American Revolution • Purpose-- to change the political system • First shots-- Lexington and Concord • Turning Point-- Saratoga • Last battle-- Yorktown • Treaty of Paris of 1783--United States is an independent nation

46. Declaration of Independence • Written by Thomas Jefferson • July 4, 1776 • Based on ideas of John Locke • All people have natural rights • Life • Liberty • Pursuit of happiness • Government must protect these rights • If not, people must change their government • Lists reasons for declaring independence (complaints)

47. Articles of Confederation • First constitution of the USA • Unicameral Congress (1 house) • No Executive or Judicial branch • Congress could not collect taxes • Congress could not regulate trade • No national unity

48. Constitutional Convention of 1787 • Purpose-- to revise the Articles of Confederation • 55 delegates in Philadelphia • Needed a stronger Federal govt • Wanted to also make sure that rights of people were protected

49. Great Compromise • Large vs Small states • Large states wanted representation in Congress based on population • Small states wanted representation in Congress to be equal for each state • Compromise: • Bicameral • House of Representatives-- based on population • Senate-- 2 senators for each state

50. Three-Fifths Compromise • Northern vs Southern states • South wanted slaves counted toward their population (would increase their power in House) • North did not want slaves counted toward their population • Compromise • Slaves would count as 3/5 of a person