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Protista

Protista. By: Victoria, Jessica, Brian, and Ethan Cole. Protista Kingdom. Protista is a taxonomic kingdom that consists of organisms protists. The kingdom protista is one of the 6 biological kingdoms.

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Protista

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  1. Protista By: Victoria, Jessica, Brian, and Ethan Cole

  2. Protista Kingdom • Protista is a taxonomic kingdom that consists of organisms protists. • The kingdom protista is one of the 6 biological kingdoms. • This kingdom includes mostly unicellular organisms that do not fit into any other kingdom. • They are the simplest of eukaryotes but yet are so diverse.

  3. Protista Kingdom Continued… • Protists are classified by how they obtain nutrition and how they move. • There are three types of protists: Animal-Like, Plant-Like, and Fungus-Like. • Animal-Like: also called protozoa, they are heterotrophs. • Plant-Like: also called algae, they are autotrophs. • Fungus-Like: they are heterotrophs, decomposers, external digestion.

  4. Vocabulary • Eukaryotic: The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear envelope, within which the genetic material is contained. • Taxonomy: The conception, naming, and classification of organism groups. • Protista: A kingdom or large grouping that comprises mostly single-celled organisms • Protozoa: unicellular organisms that are classified under the protista kingdom. They are also considered animal-like protists

  5. Pediastrum boryanum (Green Algae) • This type of algae has only one cell, making it unicellular. • Like all protists, it is a eukaryote, meaning it has a nucleus. • It does have a cell wall that is actually quite complex. They possess cell walls containing arrangements of polymers which are similar to cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), extensin, and lignin. • The green algae also contains chlorophyll, which of course is what gives it its green color. • It is a photosynthetic organism, meaning that it releases oxygen into the water, which is crucial for humans and animals since we need oxygen in water in order for it to remain in water form, and animals that live underwater need oxygen in water to breathe. • Being photosynthetic, it obtains its energy from the sun and makes its own food(autotrophic)like plants, yet algae is not considered a plant. • Algae is very important in its environment because it takes in nitrogen in order to photosynthesize. This is helpful to the environment because the algae is breaking down things for animals such as their waste, and also dead animal/plant matter which may harm the environment. Algae is basically water’s decomposer.

  6. Green Algae Continued • One way that green algae are able to travel from one body of water to another is through the usage of birds. When ducks, geese, and other birds fly to new homes near water, they carry mud on their feet which is where much algae can be found and survive in until the bird lands into a new home/body of water. The algae however cannot move on its own, it usually travels down a current or by some animal. • Algae reproduces asexually by releasing cells called “zoospores,” which eventually grows as a part of the colony it came from and they usually are only killed by extreme temperatures or by human use of chemicals made to kill algae. FUN FACT! Algae grows best in the summer because thats when it absorbs the most sunlight which helps it maintain its green color and “slimy” quality.

  7. Paramecium Bursaria • This species is single celled and is eukaryotic like all protists. • They have a stiff but elastic membrane called pellicle. • Paramecium bursaria don't have mouth but have something called a cytostome that lets food into their bodies. • They are heterotrophic organisms that get their energy from feasting off of algae, bacteria, other protozoans, and dead plant and animal matter. • Paramecium bursaria have cilias that are hair-like things that are all around the cell that beat back and forth allowing it to move through different substances. • They are found in stagnant water (puddles), ponds, lakes, rivers, etc. • Paramecium bursaria are famous for forming symbiotic relationships with many other organisms such as green algae.

  8. Paramecium Bursaria Continued… • An example of the paramecium bursaria relationship with green algae would be the following: Algae live in a parameciums cytoplasm and the algae’s photosynthesis provides a food source for the paramecium. • Paramecium bursaria are capable of reproducing both asexually and sexually. Asexually is most common is accomplished by binary fission. They can reproduce asexually two or three times a day. • Interesting Fact: • The parameciumbursaria can not taste, touch, smell, or hear. however it has senses of movement because it responds when it bumps into something.

  9. Amoeba Proteus • This Amoeba is a tiny unicellular organism. It is Eukaryotic. They do not have a cell wall but they do have a cell membrane. • They have extending parts called pseudopods which move in the direction of extension. • The Amoeba gets its energy from eating food like us. They feed on other microscopic organisms. It is a free living heterotrophic.

  10. Amoeba Proteus (continued) • The Amoeba can strive in nearly all types of niches such as freshwater lakes and ponds, sewage, moist soil, salt water, hot springs, chemically polluted water, animal intestines, and even the human mouth. As stated before it uses parts of the cell named pseudopods to move by extending them. It has a symbiotic relationship with bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila. • It reproduces asexually through binary fission. • A fun fact would be that this amoeba can change it’s shape.

  11. Euglena gracilis • Euglena gracilis is a single, eukaryotic cell and doesn’t have a cell wall. Instead, it has a layer of protein and allows it to be very flexible. • The Euglena gracilis has a small hair-like structure on it, this is called the flagellum. This structure is impossible to see without a high powered microscope. It’s function is to allow the Euglena gracilis to swim. • Euglena Gracilis gain it’s energy from chloroplast like a plant and by eating tiny organisms, like paramecium and amoeba. • Euglena Gracilis live in large packs and move by swimming or through mud. • Euglena gracilis reproduce through mitosis, an asexual reproduction and reproduces better if it is in a warm area.

  12. Euglena gracilis Continued • The Euglena gracilis one adaption if to temperature, when at twenty nine degrees celsius it increased it’s RNA levels, protein, and mass. • Euglena gracilis don’t affect humans at all. Also an interesting fact about Euglena gracilis can produce food and eat food like a plant and a predator in one.

  13. Themes Of Biology • The protista mostly contain unicellular life forms, but some of the larger species are multicellular. • All protists are eukaryotic, and in general most have a cell wall. • Most protists contain a mitochondria, and chloroplasts and they are important to the organism because they help the organisms produce. energy for themselves and oxygen for the animals and humans around them. • The ways that protist obtain energy is split about half and half between autotrophic and heterotrophic. • Protists are responsible for not very much in their environments other than breaking down nitrogen, and engulfing other organisms for protection.

  14. Themes of Biology Continued • Most protists either move by attaching to an organism, growing a “leg” for a short period of time, using a flagella, or by swimming. • Some protists have adapted into surviving in extreme environments, learning to live underwater, showing characteristics of fungi, animals, and plants yet not being considered any type of those kingdoms, and some very unique forms of transportation. • Protist from the Protista kingdom reproduce both sexually and asexually.While producing asexually they use the process of binary fission and when reproducing sexually they use conjugation. • Interesting fact: there are over 60,000 types of protists living all over the world!

  15. Sources • Domozych, D., Ciancia, M., Fangel, J., Mikkelsen, M., Ulvskov, P., & Willats, W. (2012, May 8). Abstract. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355577 • The Biology Corner. (n.d.). The Biology Corner RSS 20. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from http://www.biologycorner.com/lesson-plans/phyla/kingdom-protista/ • Kingdom Protista. (n.d.). Kingdom Protista. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://classic.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs • "Protista." - definition from Biology-Online.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. <http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Protista>.

  16. Sources Continued... • Amoeba proteus. (n.d.). - MicrobeWiki. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Amoeba • Paramecium. (n.d.). Paramecium. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://www.101science.com/paramecium.htm • amoeba. (n.d.). amoeba. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/amoeba • paramecium. (n.d.). paramecium. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology

  17. Sources Continued • The Biological Bulletin. (n.d.). ADAPTATIONS TO TEMPERATURE IN TWO CLOSELY RELATED STRAINS OF EUGLENA GRACILIS. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://www.biolbull.org/content/131/1/83.abstract • Euglena. (2014, April 14). Wikipedia. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena

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