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Overview of Scientific Methods and Biological Organization

This chapter delves into the structured investigation procedures used in college biology, focusing on the scientific method and the organization of living things. It outlines the six key steps: stating the problem, researching information, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. The text explains key concepts such as the formulation and testing of hypotheses, the role of variables and controls in experiments, as well as the levels of biological organization from cells to the biosphere. It also touches on taxonomy and the classification of organisms.

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Overview of Scientific Methods and Biological Organization

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  1. Chapter 1 College Biology

  2. Organized set of investigation procedures. • 6 steps • Stating the problem • Researching and Gathering Information • Forming a Hypothesis • Testing a Hypothesis • Analyze the Data • Draw a Conclusion Scientific Method

  3. Hypothesis • Tentative, testable explanation for an observed phenomenon. • Usually there are several different hypotheses in which can be proposed for the same observation. • The answer is usually provided by a series of experiments. Formulating a Hypothesis

  4. Hypothesis is tested two ways • Observation • Series of experiments Testing Hypothesis

  5. Variable—an adjustable condition in an experiment. • Control—comparative condition in an experiment in which no variables are introduced. Elements in Experiments

  6. Cell • Tissues • Organs • Organ systems • Individuals • Populations • Communities • Ecosystems • Biosphere Living Things are Organized

  7. Energy—capacity to do work, and it takes work to maintain the organization of the cell and the organism • Metabolism—all chemical reactions that occur in a cell • Photosynthesis—process that transforms solar energy into chemical energy in the bonds of organic nutrient molecules. Living Things Require…

  8. The maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries Homeostasis

  9. Reproduce—making another organism similar to itself. • Unicellular organisms • Multicellular organisms • Genes—contain specific information for how the organism is to be ordered, are made of long molecules of DNA Living Things Reproduce & Develop

  10. Adaptations—are modifications that make organisms suite to their way of life. • Natural selection—organisms become modified over time. Adaptations

  11. How the Biosphere is Organized

  12. Biosphere • Population • Community • Ecosystem

  13. How Living Things Are Classified

  14. Taxonomy—the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules.

  15. Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Categories of Classification

  16. Bateria • Archaea • Eukarya Domains

  17. Domain Eukarya • Protists • Fungi • Plants • Animals Kingdoms

  18. Binomial name—two-part name biologists give each living thing • First word is the genus • Second word is the species • Homo sapiens Scientific Name

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