1 / 38

Language evolution

Language evolution. Features of human language Evidence for a universal grammar Language development Language disorders Pidgeons and creoles Animal language experiments Fossil evidence ESS approaches to language evolution. What is language for?.

Télécharger la présentation

Language evolution

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Language evolution • Features of human language • Evidence for a universal grammar • Language development • Language disorders • Pidgeons and creoles • Animal language experiments • Fossil evidence • ESS approaches to language evolution

  2. What is language for? • Permits us to form internal representations of objects in our minds • Allows us to convey what we are thinking • Provides labels for categories of objects, i.e. dangerous vs nondangerous, which form hierarchies

  3. Words form hierarchies

  4. Sentences have hierarchical structure “ This is the man all tattered and torn, who loved the maiden all forlorn, who milked the cow with the crumpled horn, that kicked the dog that chased the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built”

  5. Noun phrase structure

  6. Universal grammar • No more than two branches spring from the same node, but phrases can be stacked together like Chinese boxes • Subject-verb phrase • Verbs have argument structure, i.e. “John sleeps”, “John hit Mary”, ‘John gave Mary a present” • Meaning depends on order, “John is hungry” ≠ “Is John hungry?”

  7. Consequences of grammar • Using a few rules, can produce an infinite number of sentences. All languages utilize a structurally similar grammar. • Words must be learned and associated with objects, actions and relationships. The list of words used in a language is the lexicon.

  8. Evidence for universal grammar • Children follow consistent patterns of language development independent of culture • Language disorders disrupt grammar, but not overall mental competency • Caspar Hauser children and apes exhibit protolanguage • Creole languages have evolved in single generations from pidgeons in many parts of the world

  9. Infant vocal development

  10. Word development follows object manipulation patterns • Reduplicated consonant-vowel syllables: dada, mama • Single consonant combined with single vowel: na (for no) • Single consonant combined with different vowels: baby • Initial consonant varies, but vowel remains constant: kye-bye (car bye-bye) • Syllabic subassemblies are combined: ball

  11. Syntax ontogeny

  12. Grammar also follows ontogenetic pattern of object manipulation

  13. Language aphasias Disrupts grammar structure, but sentences are coherent Sentences are grammatically correct, but meaningless Both forms disrupt ability to reproduce drawings

  14. Big train; Red Book Adam checker; Mommy lunch Walk street; go store Adam put; Eve read. Put book; Hit ball. Drink red; Comb black. Clothes Mrs G; You hat. Go in; Look out. Roger ticket; You drink. Tickle Washoe; Open blanket. Protolanguage 2-year old child Trained chimpanzee

  15. Animal language studies

  16. Want milk, Mike paint. Applesauce buy store At school wash face Very sad, climb mountain I want Curtiss play piano 13 year old girl who was imprisoned at 18 months Never learned to speak Normal ability to form concepts Caspar Hauser children

  17. Pidgeons and Creoles • Pidgeon languages are formed by people who do not share a language, e.g. slaves in island colonies, “Forman, who carry? Carry all, cut all” or traders. • Children of pidgeon-speaking parents form Creole languages, which have complete grammatical structure, in 1 generation. These have developed in many parts of the world with similar grammars

  18. When did language appear in hominid evolution

  19. Competitive hominds: Koobi Fora Australopithecus boisei Homo ergaster

  20. Paleolithic technology Oldowan, 2.4-1.5 MYA Acheulean, 1.4-0.2 MYA

  21. Cave and rock paintings 40,000 bp, Kakadu NP, Australia 27,000 bp, Cosquer, France

  22. Cave paintings 17,000 bp, Lascaux, France

  23. Neocortex size and group size in primates

  24. Grooming time increases with group size

  25. Tribal group sizes

  26. Predicted grooming times for hominoids

  27. Global linguistic diversity

  28. Human language diversity • Cooperative trading requires a common language • Conformity to a language could be used as an honest signal or group affiliation • Expect linguistic uniformity when social networks are large, and distinct languages when networks are small and self-sustaining

  29. Latitudinal patterns of language diversity

  30. Language diversity and growing season

  31. ESS approach to word evolution • Relying on a different sound for every object requires multiple sounds which eventually become hard to distinguish • Increase understanding by limiting number of sounds and stringing them into sequences, i.e. words. • Expect words to evolve when there are a large number of things to name

  32. ESS approach to syntax • For a word to survive in a community, it must be used enough to be heard and remembered. • Memory is constraining if all concepts require unique words • Can increase information using syntax • In a combinatorial world, the number of words a syntactic communicator needs to know is the sum of objects and actions, whereas a nonsyntactic communicator needs to know the product.

  33. Syntax evolution: the problem

  34. Syntax evolution: the answer

  35. ESS approach to universal grammar • Considers fitness advantage when alternative grammars are in competition • Acquisition of correct grammar requires learning from sample sentences • Optimal learning period occurs at intermediate number of sentences to insure coherency • Rule-based grammars are more efficient than list-based grammars

  36. Evolution of universal grammar

  37. Language evolution references Aiello, L.C. and R.I.M. Dunbar 1993 Neocortex size, group size and the evolution of language. Current Anthropology 34:184-193. Arbib, M.A. and G. Rizzolatti. 1997. Neural expectations: A possible evolutionary path from manual skills to language. Communication and Cognition 29: 393-424. Bickerton, D. 1990. Language and Species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bickerton, D. 1998. Catastrophic evolution: the case for a single step from protolanguage to full human language. In Hurtford, J.R., M. Studdert-Kennedy, and C. Knight (eds.) Approaches to the evolution of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 341-358. Dunbar, R.I.M. 1993 Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:681-735. Hurford, J.R. 1991. The evolution of the critical period for language acquisition. Cognition 40(3): 159-202. Nettle, D. 1999. Linguistic Diversity. Oxford University Press: New York. Nowak, M.A., D.C. Krakauer, and A. Dress. 1999. An error limit for the evolution of language. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B 266(1433): 2131-2136. Nowak, M.A. and D.C. Krakauer. 1999. The evolution of language. PNAS 96(14): 8028-8033. Nowak, M.A., J.B. Plotkin, and V.A.A. Jansen. 2000 The evolution of syntactic communication. Nature 404: 495-498. Nowak, M.A., N.L. Komarova, and P. Niyogi 2001 Evolution of universal grammar. Science 291:114-118. Pinker, S. and P. Bloom. 1990. Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13(4): 707-784. Pinker, S. 1994 The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial. Pinker, S. 1997. Evolutionary biology and the evolution of language. In M. Gopnik (ed.) The inheritance and innateness of grammars. New York: Oxford University Press: 181-208 Smith, J.M. and E. Smathmary. 1995. Chapter 17: The evolution of language. In The major transitions in evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co.: 281-309.

More Related