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American History: Key Moments and Interpretations

Explore significant events in American history from colonial times to present, analyzing historiographical narratives and forms. Uncover key concepts such as teleology, tragedy, comedy, and more. Delve into interpretations by influential historians like Frederick Jackson Turner and Richard Hofstadter.

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American History: Key Moments and Interpretations

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  1. Key Moments in American History

  2. Historiography Narrative Forms • Comedy: bad things working out in the end • Tragedy: fatal flaw (original sin: slavery) • Irony: unexpected outcome • Not the Alanis Morissette song • Teleology: Hegel—thesis, antithesis, synthesis ultimate outcome guided by “Spirit” Material determination: Karl Marx • Base and superstructure

  3. Overall Interpretations • Germ theory: “germs” of American society come from Europe (esp. England and Germany) • Frederick Jackson Turner: frontier thesis American exceptionalism • Richard White: middle ground / borderlands • Progressives: class conflict; Charles Beard • Consensus: ideological commonality; Richard Hofstadter • (New) Social History: demographics, non-elite • Post-CRM: Black history, Feminism, neo-Marxism, microhistory

  4. Colonial • Declension model: falling away (jeremiads) • Perry Miller: New England mind, jeremiads as proof of continuity; take words (+ religion) seriously • Edmund Morgan: slavery democracy • Jack Greene and J.R. Pole: developmental framework: simplification elaboration replication • Anglicization • Atlantic World: comparative method linking N+S America, Europe, Africa • Ira Berlin, “From Creoles to Africans”

  5. Revolution • Classical Republicanism, ideology: Bernard Bailyn, Gordon Wood • Neo-Progressives: class conflict w/focus lower orders (pre-elite rebellion against authority); Gary Nash, Howard Zinn

  6. Antebellum • Charles Sellers: The Market Revolution (neo-Marxist analysis industrialization and impact society) • Arthur Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson (neo-progressive: class and ideological conflict; reading FDR into AJ) • Paul Johnson, A Shopkeeper’s Millennium (reform as middle class control)

  7. Slavery and Reconstruction • Plantation School (Booker T. Washington, U.B. Phillips) vs. Stanley Elkins (infantilizing concentration camps) vs. Eugene Genovese: Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made • “Birth of a Nation” vs. W.E.B. DuBois and Eric Foner

  8. Points of Conflict • Industrialization: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? • Populists and Progressives: Reformers or Conservatives? • Great Depression: Free market critics of government (Milton Friedman) vs. Critics of capitalism (J.M. Keynes) • 1950s: Conformity or Rebellion? • 1960s: Success or failure of social movements

  9. Key Moments: Colonial (1492-1763) • Spain dominates; English privateers colonies as refueling/bases for attack ( Armada) • 1607: Virginia Company of London Jamestown • English Conquistadores, Starving Time (1609-10), Cpt. John Smith, Powhaten Confederacy, John Rolfe, 1619: House of Burgesses, 1st slaves • 1620: Virginia Company of Plymouth Plymouth • Pilgrims (separatists), Mayflower Compact, Squanto • 1630: Massachusetts Bay Colony • Puritans, Arabella, John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity,” Roger Williams + “Rogue Island” (1634), Anne Hutchinson (1638)

  10. Virginia (South) vs. Massachusetts (New England) • Indentured servants vs. families • Slaves in both (Mass 1st to legalize) • Monoculture (tobacco, rice) vs. mixed agriculture/trade (timber, rum, slaves: Triangle Trade) • Anglican vs. Puritan (still Anglican) • Individualistic capitalism vs. communitarianism

  11. Middle Colonies • 1631: Delaware (Dutch + Swede New York) • 1664: New Netherland New York • 1682: Pennsylvania (Quaker) • Deep South • 1663: Carolina (later split N + S) • 1733: Georgia (initially no slaves; barrier to Spanish in Florida)

  12. Violence • 1642-1660: English Civil War, Commonwealth, Cromwell Protectorate • 1675-76: King Philip’s War • Metacomet, Praying Indians, bloodiest war US history (%) • compare Pueblo Revolt (1680) • 1676: Bacon’s Rebellion • Anti-Indian biracial burn Jamestown (Declaration of the People); “unthinking decision”: slavery democracy • 1688: Glorious Revolution in England • 1739: Stono Rebellion • South Carolina + racialization + deskilling • 1754-1763: French and Indian War • George Washington, Braddock’s Defeat, Albany Congress, Pontiac’s Rebellion, Proclamation 1763

  13. Revolutionary America: 1764-1800 • Debt taxes: Sugar (’64), Stamp (’65), Tea (’73), etc. • Sons of Liberty, Boston Massacre (P. Revere + S. Adams; J. Adams), Boston Tea Party Coercive/Intolerable Acts 1st Continental Congress Lexington + Concord War Declaration of Independence • Articles of Confederation (no executive, unicameral Congress w/equal rep., no national judiciary, no army, no tax debt) • 1786: Shays’ Rebellion • 1787: Northwest Ordinance, Constitution (3 branches, bicameral, Senate equal rep, tax + army)

  14. 1789: Washington (+ French Revolution) • Alexander Hamilton (Federalists) vs. T. Jefferson + J. Madison (Democratic Republicans) • 1794: Whiskey Rebellion • 1795: Jay Treaty • 1798: J. Adams’; Alien + Sedition Acts • 1800: “Revolution” Jefferson (we aren’t France, Russia, etc.)

  15. Antebellum • 1790-1830: 2nd Great Awakening • Temperance, Abolition, “come-outerism,” utopianism • 1803: Louisiana Purchase • War of 1812: A. Jackson + New Orleans, status quo antebellum • 1820: Missouri Compromise, TJ: “a fire bell in the night” • Industrialization: Lowell Girls • King Cotton: Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts (guns) + cotton gin (1793) • 1830: Indian Removal + Wars (-1890) • Cherokee Trail of Tears • 1887: Dawes Severalty Act + reservation policy • 1832: Tariff of Abominations + Nullification • 1840s: Irish Potato Famine + mass immigration • 1846: Mexican-American War • 1848: Seneca Falls Convention

  16. Civil War • Compromise of 1850: CA, Fugitive Slave Law  Uncle Tom’s Cabin • 1854: Kansas-Nebraska “Bleeding Kansas” + John Brown • 1859: Harper’s Ferry • 1860: A. Lincoln elected (split Dems) • 1861: Secession + Sumter • 1862: Antietam  Emancipation Proclamation • 1863: Gettysburg + Address • 10% Plan vs. Wade-Davis (Ironclad Oath) • 1865: Appomattox, Lincoln assassination A. Johnson

  17. Reconstruction • Johnson 13th Amendment + Black Codes (de jure vs. de facto slavery) • Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction • Civil Rights Act 14th + 15th Amendments • Ku Klux Klan Enforcement Act • Freedman’s Bureau • 1873 Slaughterhouse Cases + United States v. Cruikshank Mississippi Plan + Jim Crow South • 1895: Booker T. Washington Up from Slavery and the “Atlanta Compromise” • W.E.B. DuBois, 1905: Niagara Movement NAACP • 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson

  18. Gilded Age • 1870: John D. Rockefeller + Standard Oil • Ida Tarbell, The Octopus; Upton Sinclair, The Jungle • 1877: Great Railroad Strike • 1892: Homestead Strike • Panic of 1893 and Bi-metallism • Inflation (debtors) vs. Deflation (creditors) • 1896: William Jennings Bryan, former Populist, Democratic National Convention: “Cross of Gold” speech

  19. Foreign Imperialism • 1898 Spanish-American War (McKinley) • Remember the Maine • Filipino-American war (decades; 4,ooo US; 100,000 Filipinos; free fire zones; concentration camps; “water cure”) • 1899 Open Door Notes • T. Roosevelt Corollary + Panama Canal • Dollar Diplomacy, Moral Diplomacy •  World War I (US: 1917-19) W. Wilson, Treaty of Versailles (League of Nations) • Red Cross, NAWSA, NWP, 19h Amendment

  20. Normalcy • “The business of America is business”: turn away Progressive reform, international entanglements (except Latin America), nativism, revival KKK, fundamentalism • Fords, Flappers, and Fanatics • 1925: Scopes Monkey Trial • 1929: buying on margin + lots of other, more important things Great Depression • H.Hoover (Great Engineer) FDR + New Deal • 1st 100 Days, Alphabet Soup agencies, Wagner Act, Indian New Deal • Dec 7, 1941: Dr. New Deal Dr. War • Stalingrad vs. D-Day; Hiroshima + Nagasaki; Double V vs. Japanese Internment + coming out under fire

  21. Cold War America • Marshall Plan, Containment + Truman Doctrine • 1950-3 Korean War • Kim Il Sun, Police Action (UN), MacArthur Controversy, China • Iran (’53), Guatemala + Vietnam (’54), Egypt (’56), etc. etc. • 1962 Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis • Secret deal: missiles for missiles • 1964 Gulf of Tonkin US longest war • 1972: Christmas Bombing fear of leaks plumbers Watergate Nixon resignation

  22. Civil Rights • 1954: Brown v. Board • ‘55: Rosa Parks + Montgomery Bus Boycott • MLK, SCLC • ’63: Birmingham + March on Washington (“I Have a Dream”) ’64 Civil Rights Act (LBJ “Great Society”) • ’64: Selma + Mississippi Freedom Summer ’65 Voting Rights Act + splintering SNCC • Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, Black Panthers; SDS Weather Underground • ’68: King assassinated, RFK assassinated

  23. Post-Watergate • People’s Temple; Gay Liberation; Energy crises, stagflation, + Carter’s cardigan Morning in America (“Mr. Mom” + “Gung Ho”; “Rising Sun”), the Laffer Curve, Reaganomics, “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall” • Iran-Contra: selling missiles to terrorists to get money for other terrorists • 1991: Panama + Iraq; “it’s the economy, stupid” • 1993: 1st WTC attack; 1995: Oklahoma City • 1994: Gingrich Revolution, Welfare Reform, NAFTA; “Arkansas Project” and the “elves” Ken Starr’s report/witch hunt 1998 impeachment • 2000: Florida + “hanging chads” (Diebold, Katharine Harris, felony disenfranchisement) Bush v. Gore

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