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A Search for Order

A Search for Order. Nixon to Carter Chapter 21. New Federalism. Government had become too big and he believed the states should have more power. He believed that state government would do a better job of spending revenue collected. Nixon and the South.

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A Search for Order

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  1. A Search for Order Nixon to Carter Chapter 21

  2. New Federalism • Government had become too big and he believed the states should have more power. • He believed that state government would do a better job of spending revenue collected.

  3. Nixon and the South • Tried to weaken the Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Urged slowdown in forced integration • Opposed the busing of students • Advanced Affirmative Action for blacks and women

  4. Nixon continued • Filled four vacant Supreme Court Justices seats • Expanded food stamp program • Increased payments to Social Security

  5. Environment • Silent Spring by Rachel Carson • Earth Day April 22, 1970 • Clean Air Act – regulate air pollution • Environment Protection Agency • Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)

  6. Nixon and Vietnam • Said he would end the war if elected • Vietnamization – let South Vietnam control more of the fighting so our troops can come home • 540,00 (1969) to 24,000 (1972) troops • Secretly expanded the war and ordered bombings of Cambodia – to try to disrupt the supply lines of the Ho Chi Minh Trail. He also sent troops to Laos to destroy North Vietnamese army bases.

  7. Nixon and Vietnam • Anti War protests – Kent State (Ohio) and Jackson State College (Mississippi). • Hundreds of colleges and universities shut down temporarily • ½ of Americans oppose the war

  8. Protests move to Washington D.C.

  9. “End to War” • Peace talks stalled • Round the clock bombings of Hanoi and Haiphong December 1972 • In January 1973 North Vietnam, South Vietnam and US finally reached a settlement.

  10. Cost of Vietnam war • 600 American POWs • 300,000 wounded • 58,000 dead • 2,500 missing • $111 million = $738 million today

  11. Détente • Ease tensions with Cold War enemies • SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with Soviets • Antiballistic Missile – ABM – defense system • Nixon visits Moscow and both sides agree to a slowdown

  12. Foreign Policy • Henry Kissinger – national security advisor then secretary of state • Believed that US should consider each foreign policy conflict from the standpoint of what is good for the US - Realpolitik

  13. China • US does not formally recognize government of the People’s Republic of China • 1971 China sent a surprise invitation to the American table tennis team to play in a tournament • February 1972 Nixon visits China • China sent two pandas to US

  14. Middle East • Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in 1973 • US was nervous Soviets would jump into war • Soviets supported Egypt and Syria and US support Israel with supplies • Yom Kippur War

  15. Oil Embargo • Arabs countries agreed not to ship any oil to US • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC • US received 1/5 of oil from other countries in 1970 by 1973 it was up to 1/3 • Energy crisis

  16. Oil embargo continued • Long lines at gas stations • Gas prices rose sharply • Cost more to run machines in factories and to harvest crops • Price rose for products • Oil embargo lifted with shuttle diplomacy

  17. Election of 1972 • Nixon wanted to win using any means necessary • “Plumbers” were to respond to “leaks” of secret information and investigate Nixon’s political enemies • Democratic National Committee was burglarized at the Watergate Hotel-office complex- to collect political strategies

  18. Watergate • Five people were arrested • Burglars had connections to Nixon • Reports Woodward and Bernstein continued to investigate the break in • Discovered that one of the burglars had received a check for $25,000 that was originally for Nixon’s re-election campaign

  19. Nixon Wins re-election • February 1973 7 men involved in the break in has been convicted or pleaded guilty • Americans began to question if Nixon knew about the break in and helped cover it up • Senate committee begins investigation on television

  20. Vice-President • Charged with Extortion, tax fraud, and conspiracy. • Accepting bribes of more that $100,000 • Income tax evasion. • October 10, 1973 resigned from office

  21. TAPES • Nixon had tape recorded all his conversation in his office • People were saying they had talked to Nixon about the Watergate cover up • Senate asked for tapes and Nixon refused • Executive privilege • Nixon wants the special prosecutor fired – two people quit

  22. “I am not a Crook” • Nixon delays release of tapes • When he does turn over the tapes 18 minutes has been erased • Impeachment and/or resignation • Impeachment on the basis of alleged obstruction of justice and failure to obey subpoenas

  23. August 8,1974 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzXL7C0JQDM

  24. President Ford? Ford is the first president and vice president NEVER to be elected. Pardons Nixon – wth? Now Nixon can not be tried in court American outraged!

  25. Vietnam Again? • 1975 South Vietnam was about to fall to North Vietnam • Ford tried to send aid- Congress said no • He did manage to get 250,000 to flee – Fall of Saigon

  26. President Carter • Former peanut farmer from Plains, GA • Promised “I’ll never lie to you” • He was a Washington outsider • Pardons Americans who avoided the draft for Vietnam

  27. Economy and Energy • Inflation and unemployment HIGH • Wanted to ease dependence on foreign oil • Develop new energy supplies • Loosen government regulations of American oil

  28. Energy continued • Urged Americans to conserve fuel – carpool, turn down heat and turn Air conditioners up • US cars manufactures were offered incentives to build fuel-efficient cars • Solar and wind energy

  29. Environment • Doubled the size of national parks and wildlife refuges – 100 million acres in Alaska • Three Mile Island, PA • Love Canal, NY = birth defects

  30. Foreign Policy • Panama Canal returned 12-31-1999 • Recognized Communist People’s Republic of China • Camp David Accords 1978 “peace” in the Middle East between Israel and Egypt. • SALT II

  31. Trouble Brewing • Afghanistan government was overthrown, they were pro-Communist 1978 • Soviets invade in 1979 • US blocks grain shipments to USSR • Boycotts the 1980 Olympics in Moscow • Secretly US sent weapons to Afghanistan fighters trying to overthrow the Communist government (Bin Laden connection)

  32. More Trouble • Iran had a revolution and overthrew shah in 1979. • The shah and US got along great but was brutal to his people • Ayatollah Khomeini (Islamic) takes over • US lets shah come here to get cancer treatment – this upset Iranians

  33. Iranian Hostage Crisis • May 4, 1979 American Embassy attacked in Tehran. • 52 Americans were taken hostage • Failed military mission to rescue them – helicopter crashed killing 8 soldiers • 444 days in captivity

  34. Effects of Iran hostages • Gas prices rose due to lack of oil from Iran • Inflation soared • Economy struggling • Election of 1980 – Carter knew he was doomed

  35. Historical events of the 1970s

  36. A Conservative Era Reagan and H.W. Bush Chapter 22

  37. Reagan’s Views • Lower taxes • Smaller government • Stronger military • Conservative moral values • “Family, Work, Neighborhood, Peace, and Freedom” his slogan

  38. New Right • Endorsed prayer in school • Teaching Bible-based account of human creation • Opposed abortion, gun control, homosexual rights, school busing to achieve desegregation, Equal Rights Amendment, affirmative action, and nuclear disarmament.

  39. First Lady • “Just Say No” antidrug campaign

  40. Assassination Attempt 3-30-1981 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Dc4TVnMdo4

  41. Reaganomics • Reduce taxes to stimulate economic growth • Cut the federal budget • Supply-side economics – invest in America, businesses would hire more workers and expand due to tax cuts • Budget deficit eliminated ? meaning government spent less than it received

  42. Trickle-Down Economics • Wealthy tax rates dropped from 70% to 28% • Wealthy have the businesses if they can expand they can put more people to work • Increase in military spending • Might increase America’s national debt • Vice-President Bush called it “voodoo” economics

  43. Cold War and Reagan • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=do0x-Egc6oA

  44. Military Spending • Pentagon budget in 1981 $150 Billion by 1985 up to $250 Billion • Spend mainly on nuclear weapons • USSR boycotts the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles • Strategic Defense Initiative = Star Wars shield

  45. Gorbachev • Intermediate- Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty 1988 – reduce nuclear arms. 2,500 were destroyed • Cold war not so cold anymore

  46. Trouble in Latin America • El Salvador – civil war – US supported new leader Duarte elected in 1984 • Nicaragua – civil war – US cuts off aid at first then approved $20 million for the CIA to equip and train rebels, Contras, to overthrow government. • Congress banned the funding and Reagan suggested to his advisors to find a way to help the Contras.

  47. Trouble in Lebanon • Civil war - Muslims v Christians • US embassy had been attacked earlier • October 23, 1983, US Marines barracks were bombed by a suicide bomber driving a truck, killing 241 sleeping soldiers • First suicide terrorist attacks against the US

  48. Grenada, Mr. Braveboy’s home • Reagan send 5000 Marines to invade Grenada. • US feared Communist were trying to take over the island • US lost 19 Marines as it took the island in 2 days

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