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Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless non-contact use of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. 射频识别标签的构成 • 集成电路(包括永久性存储器) • 微型无线电波收发器(天线) 分类 • 被动式（无源）、主动式（有源）、电池辅助式 • 只读式、读写式
What is GNU The primary and continuing goal of GNU is to offer a Unix-compatible system that would be 100%free software. Not 95% free, not 99.5%, but 100%. The name of the system, GNU, is a recursive acronym meaning GNU's Not Unix—a way of paying tribute to the technical ideas of Unix, while at the same time saying that GNU is something different. Technically, GNU is like Unix. But unlike Unix, GNU gives its users freedom. with the goal to create a system that gives the greatest freedom to computer users. (from www.linux.org)
Linux and the GNU System by Richard Stallman (GNU计划以及自由软件基金会（Free Software Foundation）的创立者、著名黑客) There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel(内核)The kernel is an essential part of an operating system, but useless by itself; it can only function in the context of a complete operating system. Linux is normally used in combination with the GNU operating system: the whole system is basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux. All the so-called “Linux” distributions are really distributions of GNU/Linux. Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. But since they have generally heard the whole system called “Linux” as well, they often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system after the kernel.
If we tried to measure the GNU Project‘s contribution in this way, what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux distribution（linux发行版）”, GNU softwarewas the largest single contingent, around 28%of the total source code, and this included some of the essential major components (组件)without which there could be no system. Linux itself was about 3%. (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “main” repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.) So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single choice would be “GNU”. It was not a project to develop a C compiler, although we did that. It was not a project to develop a text editor, although we developed one. The GNU Project set out to develop a complete free Unix-like system: GNU.
Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don‘t confuse the public by using the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one of the essential major components of the system. The system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When you’re talking about this combination, please call it “GNU/Linux”.（原文太长了，上面的是节选的）
Linux distribution Bodhi Linux 2.4.0 A Linux Distribution（分布） based on Ubuntu and the Enlightenment（启蒙） Desktop（桌面）.
Bodhi Linux is a Linux Distribution leveraging the fast, customizable, and beautiful Enlightenment Desktop. Enlightenment coupled with a minimal set of utilities such as a browser, text editor, and package management tools form the solid foundation of Bodhi Linux. The minimum requirements to run Bodhi Linux are only: 300+MHz CPU, 128MB RAM, and 2.5GB hard drive space!
Linux Mint 15 A modern, elegant and comfortable operating system which is both powerful and easy to use.
Some of the reasons for the success of Linux Mint are: • It works out of the box, with full multimedia support and is extremely easy to use.（容易使用） • It‘s both free of cost and open source.（开源免费） • It‘s community-driven.（社区驱动） • Users are encouraged to send feedback to the project so that their ideas can be used to improve Linux Mint.（用户反馈改善） • Based on Debian and Ubuntu, it provides about 30,000 packages and one of the best software managers.It‘s safe and reliable.(大量软件包，安全可靠) • Thanks to a conservative approach to software updates, a unique Update Manager and the robustness of its Linux architecture, Linux Mint requires very little maintenance (no regressions, no antivirus, no anti-spyware...etc).（无回归，无病毒，无反间谍软件）
Ubuntu is an ancient African word meaning 'humanity to others'. It also means 'I am what I am because of who we all are‘ （我的存在是因为大家的存在） 友邦拓（乌班图） Ubuntu的目标在于为一般用户提供一个最新的、同时又相当稳定的主要由自由软件构建而成的操作系统。Ubuntu具有庞大的社区力量，用户可以方便地从社区获得帮助。 开源 免费 Ubuntu（友邦拓）是基于Debian GNU/Linux，支持x86、amd64（即x64）和ppc架构，由全球化的专业开发团队（Canonical Ltd）打造的开源GNU/Linux操作系统。为桌面虚拟化提供支持平台[1]。Ubuntu对GNU/Linux的普及特别是桌面普及作出了巨大贡献，由此使更多人共享开源的成果与精彩。
It‘s a bit like a tower. At the base is the kernel. On top of that are all the basic tools. Next is all the software that you run on the computer. At the top of the tower is Debian carefully organizing and fitting everything so it all works together.（像一座塔，塔底是Linux内核，除此之外是基础的工具，其次是计算机运行的软件，塔顶是由Debian仔细组织和拟合的所有自由软件包。）
Android Linux-based mobile operating system Android is a mobile, open-source, Linux-based operating system made primarily by Google. There are some proprietary drivers. The system is written in C/C++ and Java. Android runs tablets, smartphones, and other mobile devices. There are some debates as to whether or not Android is a Linux distribution. Android uses the Linux kernel, but lacks numerous GNU utilities.
Contents • Origins of XML • The difference between XML and HTML • DTD(Document Type Definitions) • Schemas • CSS(Cascading Style Sheets) • XSL(Extensible Stylesheet Language) • Comparison of XSL and CSS
Origins of XML • Extensible Markup Language; 1996; a subset of SGML • February 1998; XML 1.0; W3C Recommendation Status • Feature: flexible; scalable; adaptable
The difference between XML and HTML • SGML(Standard Generalized Markup Language) • →HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language) • →XML(Extensible Markup Language) • →XHTML(Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language) • HTML: presentation markup language(display data) • XML: content markup language(process data) • no inherent, presentation elements • only tent-definition elements
DTD(Document Type Definitions) • Currently most common tool for element declaration • Establish attributes, logical structure and context for XML document • A set of rules explicitly define the name, content and context of each element • Either internal or external • Disadvantages: follow a different syntax than XML • lack detailed datatyping • difficult to read and understand
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