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The Politics of the Gilded Age: From Limited Government to Progressive Reforms

This comprehensive review explores the Politics of the Gilded Age, marked by a belief in limited government and a laissez-faire approach. It examines key aspects such as corruption, significant elections, the rise of populism with movements like the Granger and Populist Party, and the impact of economic panics. Furthermore, it delves into the Progressive Movement, highlighting reforms initiated by leaders like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, addressing issues like trust-busting, consumer protection, and women's suffrage.

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The Politics of the Gilded Age: From Limited Government to Progressive Reforms

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Unit 7 Test Review Go Forth and Conquer!!

  2. Politics of the Gilded Age • Belief in limited government • Domination of laissez-faire theory • Presidents are not innovators • Limited issues: Civil Service, Currency, Tariffs • Corruption • Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland, McKinley

  3. 1880 Election

  4. The 1884 Election

  5. The 1888 Election

  6. The 1892 Election

  7. The 1896 "Watershed" Election

  8. Populism • Granger movement  Northern and Southern Farmer Alliances  The Populist (People’s Party) • Omaha Platform (1892) • Impact of Panic of 1873 • Coxey’s Army (1894) • The Silver Issue: Bland-Allison Act, Sherman Silver Purchase Act • Impact of Panic of 1893 • Significance of 1896 Election: Populist demise, urban dominance, beginning of modern politics

  9. The Progressive Movement • Origins, motives, philosophy • The muckrakers • Political Reforms in Cities and States: • A. Voter participation • 1. Australian, or secret, ballot • 2. Direct primaries, direct election of U.S. • senators • 3. Initiative, referendum, recall • 4. Social reform

  10. B. Municipal reform 1. Controlling public utilities 2. Commissions and city managers • C. State Reform 1. Robert M. LaFollette and “The Wisconsin Idea” 2. Temperance and prohibition

  11. Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal • “Square Deal” for labor • Trust-busting [Northern Securities Company, Standard Oil] • Railroad regulation: Elkins Act (1903) and Hepburn Act (1906) • Consumer protection: Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle 1. Pure Food and Drug Act 2. Meat Inspection Act • Conservation: Newlands Reclamation Act (1902); established a National Conservation Commission (Gifford Pinchot)

  12. Taft's Presidency • Almost twice as many trust prosecuted • Established Bureau of Mines; set aside federal oil lands • Mann-Elkins Act (1910) • Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments • Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) • Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

  13. Election of 1912

  14. Republican Party Platform • High import tariffs. • Put limitations on female and child labor. • Workman’s Compensation Laws. • Against initiative, referendum, and recall. • Against “bad” trusts. • Creation of a Federal Trade Commission. • Stay on the gold standard. • Conservation of natural resources because they are finite.

  15. Democratic Party Platform: Wilson's "New Freedom" • Government control of the monopolies  trusts in general were bad  eliminate them!! • Tariff reduction. • One-term President. • Direct election of Senators. • Create a Department of Labor. • Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. • Did NOT support women’s suffrage. • Opposed to a central bank.

  16. Progressive Party Platform: Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" • Women’s suffrage. • Graduated income tax. • Inheritance tax for the rich. • Lower tariffs. • Limits on campaign spending. • Currency reform. • Minimum wage laws. • Social insurance. • Abolition of child labor. • Workmen’s compensation.

  17. Socialist Party Platform • Government ownership of railroads and utilities. • Guaranteed income tax. • No tariffs. • 8-hour work day. • Better housing. • Government inspection of factories. • Women’s suffrage.

  18. Woodrow Wilson's Progressive Program • Tariff reduction: Underwood Tariff (1913) • Banking Reform: Federal Reserve Act (1914) • Business regulation: 1. Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) 2. Federal Trade Commission (1914) • Other reforms: 1. Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) 2. Child Labor Act (1916) [declared unconstitutional in the 1918 case of Hammer v. Dagenhart]

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