Age of Imperialism Review

1. Age of Imperialism Review Chapter 27

2. Section 1 The Scramble for Africa

3. Map on page 771 • Look at the map of Africa. Which European countries had territorial control in Africa? • Belgium • France • German Empire • Great Britain • Italy • Portugal • Spain

4. Terms Imperialism Racism belief that one race is superior to another seizure of a country by another, usually stronger Believed that only the strong would survive; survival of the fittest. Social Darwinism (1884-85); European countries got together and decided who would takeover Africa Berlin Conference Zula chief who had a highly disciplined and militarized group of warriors Shaka a Dutch farmer. Took over the Cape Colony and established large farms Boer a.k.a. the South African War between the British and Boers. First “modern” war launched using commando raids using guerilla tactics Boer War

5. Question 1 • Why did the Europeans want to colonize Africa? • Natural resources, plenty of land. • Ethically: They made it easy to colonize because of the thought that Africans were inferior (White Man’s Burden).

6. Question 2 • About how many different languages were spoken before colonization? About 1000 languages

7. Question 3 • How did Europeans and Americans learn about Africa? • They learned through travel books & magazines

8. Question 4 • What is the meaning of the quote, “Dr. Livingston I presume”? • Dr. David Livingstone was a missionary from Scotland. He went to central Africa and not heard from in years. • Presumed dead, an American reporter went looking for him (Dr. Henry Stanley). • He found Livingstone near Lake Tanganyika, and his response to him was “Dr. Livingstone, I presume”.

9. Question 5 • What did King Leopold originally claim was his primary motive in establishing a colony? • What was his real intention? • King Leopold originally claimed that his motive was to end slavery & promote Christianity. • In reality, he exploited millions of workers by allowing companies to use natives as forced labor. Many died of diseases and abuse under his control.

10. Question 6 • Where did non-Europeans rank in importance according to Darwinism? • They were seen as inferior humans

11. Question 7 • How did Cecil Rhodes feel about the Britons? • What was his major contribution to the world as an entrepreneur? • He felt the Britons were the first race in the world, the best; superior to the rest. • His major contribution to the world was his investments in diamonds. Owns largest diamond producing mines in world, DeBeers. Even today, most diamonds are from the DeBeers mines.

12. Question 8 • What were the factors that promoted imperialism in Africa (list 3) • Technological superiority amongst Europeans • Had the RR’s, cables, steamships • Protection of disease using quinine *many languages spoken in Africa, made it difficult for them to be united in a fight against European nations*

13. Question 9 • Explain the significance of the Berlin Conference. • Why weren’t any African leaders invited? • The significance of the conference was to divide Africa amongst the European nations. • Europeans thought it would be sufficiently fair to simply notify the region in Africa that they will be controlled and show that they can control the area effectively. (Again= Social Darwinism)

14. Question 10 • Why were the Boers fighting the British? • The Boers fought the British over slaves and land in the Cape Colony. • Very violent; first “modern” war using guerilla tactics. • Guerilla warfare has no rules; ambush tactics are often used.

15. Section 2 Case study: Nigeria

16. Terms • Europe governed Africa in a “paternal” way • Providing what they needed but giving them no control • Paternalism • Assimilation (French idea)- policy that local populations would adopt the dominant culture and become exactly like the imperialist power. • Leader of Ethiopia (one of only 2 countries to remain independent in Africa) • He played European powers against each other and.. • Stockpiled modern weapons for defence. • Menelik II

17. Question 1 • What was the main goal of the Berlin Conference of 1884? • European countries gathered together to decide who would control parts of Africa • They were not concerned with African people (only resources) • No African leaders were invited

18. Question 2 • What are the 4 forms of colonial control? • Colony • Protectorate • Sphere of Influence • Economic Imperialism

19. Question 3 • What are the 2 basic methods for managing a colony? • 1. Direct control: • The imperial power would rule the colony itself • Occurs when imperial power decides that the no one in the colony can rule on their behalf • 2. Indirect control: • A local ruler/group is given the authority to rule on the imperial power’s behalf

20. Question 4 • What was necessary for indirect control? • Relied on existing political rulers • Worked best when conflict between groups already existed • Each colony had a legislative council • Leaders were trained in British government

21. Question 5 • What idea is the policy of assimilation based on? • That local populations would adopt culture and become like that European nation (especially France) • Stems from social darwinism and “White Man’s Burden” to raise up the culture of “heathens”.

22. Question 6 • How did Britain gain control of Nigeria? • Diplomatic means: economic treaties, loans, accepting British residents • Military means: taking down dissenters by force

23. Question 7 • What form of management took place in Nigeria and who was involved? • Indirect rule: Britain saw that Nigeria had too much area and different ethnic groups for direct rule. • Used the Hausa-Fulani as their enforcers in Nigeria.

24. Question 8 • Why were African resistance movements usually unsuccessful? • Africa colonies lacked the training and weapons of modern warfare. • Ethiopia is the exception that proves the rule (modern training and weapons= win)

25. Question 9 • Why was Ethiopia successful in their fight for independence? • Melenik II (strong leader) built up a large arsenal of modern weapons • He also played European powers against each other. • Fought against Italian invasion and won.

26. Question 10 • How did colonial rule cause a break down in African cultures? • Name 1 positive attribute of colonial rule that might counteract this break down of culture. • Negative: loss of control of land/culture, exposed to new diseases, broke of traditions and families, created identity/political issues for Africans. • Positive: reduced local warfare (temporarily), better sanitation, hospitals, education/literacy rate

27. Section 3 Europeans claim Muslim lands

28. Question 1 • Considered to be the last great Ottoman sultan, which ruler’s death is thought to be the beginning of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire? • Suleyman I

29. Question 2 • What is geopolitics? • An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products/raw materials • Examples: Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Peninsula

30. Question 3 • Why did Russia want a warm water port? • So trade would continue (can’t sail on frozen waters) • Trend of “Westernization” pushes for access to the west.

31. Question 4 • What war was fought by Russia in order to gain a warm water port? • The Crimean War

32. Question 5 • What is the “Great Game” • War over Muslim lands in Central Asia and India between Russia and Great Britain. • Afghanistan was caught in the middle

33. Question 7 • What did the selling of concessions by the Persian ruler do for Persia and the businesses to which they were sold? • Persia lacked the money to cultivate its many resources (oil) • They enlisted the help of western businesses to operate in the area • This developed Persia’s oil fields but also made them a target for imperialism

34. Question 8 • Describe the “Battle over Tobacco” • Tension between rulers who wanted to sell to Western nations and those who wanted nothing to do with the West. • Persian ruler sold a concession to a British company to export tobacco. • This angered another leader who established a boycott. • This led to riots and an uncontrollable situation. • Eventually, Britain and Russia used this chaos to take over and split Persia in half.

35. Question 8 • Describe the “Battle over Tobacco” • Tension between rulers who wanted to sell to Western nations and those who wanted nothing to do with the West. • Persian ruler sold a concession to a British company to export tobacco. • This angered another leader who established a boycott. • This led to riots and an uncontrollable situation. • Eventually, Britain and Russia used this chaos to take over and split Persia in half.

36. Section 4 British imperialism in india

37. Question 1 • What were sepoys? • Indian soldiers working for the British

38. Question 2 • What is meant by the “jewel in the crown”? • India was considered the most valuable of all the British colonies

39. Question 3 On which continent were Indian goods being traded? • Asia

40. Question 4 What type of policy did the British adopt regarding Indian religious and social customs? • Hands-off policy: however the presence of missionaries in this Hindu country led to increased presence of racist attitudes. • The British did not tolerate religious difference in the military

41. Question 5 Describe in a few sentences, the Sepoy Mutiny • Feelings of resentment and nationalism in India increased tension with the British. The straw that broke the camel’s back was the fact that the British forced the Sepoys to grease cartridges from rifles with pig and cow fat. • This angered the Muslims because of the pork fat and the Hindus because of the cow fat. • The Sepoys refused to use the cartridges and were jailed. Uprisings occurred when Sepoys captured New Delhi. • British finally beat out the Sepoys by playing on religious and ethnic differences.

42. Question 6 In what ways did the Sepoy Mutiny change the political climate of India? • Fueled racist attitudes toward the British. • Distrust and a greater sense of nationalism grew among Indians.

43. Question 7 • How did imperialism contribute to unity and to the growth of nationalism in India? • Wanted to self govern: didn’t want to be second class citizens • Modernization and Westernization • Wanted to be paid the same as British for the same work.

44. Section 5 Imperialism in s.e. asia

45. Question 1 • What were the major crops of the lands of S.E. Asia? • Tropical fruits and other products • Coffee • sugar • Cocoa • Rubber • Coconuts • Bananas • Pineapple • rice

46. Question 2 • Why did the British encourage Chinese people to immigrate to Malaysia? • Britain needed people to work the mines and tap the rubber tree plants. • They also used the Chinese to turn the Malay people into the minority.

47. Question 3 • Who was Emilio Aguinaldo and what did he do? • He was leader of the Filipino nationalists. He claimed that the U.S. had promised them their independence after the Spanish left. Established the Philippine Republic.

48. Question 4 • Why did U.S. business leaders push for the annexation of Hawaii? • They wanted to profit from sugar business. • If HI was annexed then sugar could be sold for greater profit, benefiting the U.S.

49. Question 5 • How did American businessmen keep Queen Liliuokalani from increasing her power? • They plotted to over throw her. • She wanted HI to remain independent an restore political power to the native Hawaiians. • She was removed and Sanford Dole was named president of the new republic. It would be added as a state in 1959.