1 / 97

Pathophysiology

Denver School of Nursing – BSN & ADN. Pathophysiology. BIO 206 / 308 – Ch 31 & 32 – Reproductive Phys / Path. Development of the Reproductive System. Dependent on sex hormones Males—testosterone Females—estrogen, FSH, and LH Sexual differentiation in utero Homologous structures

gaston
Télécharger la présentation

Pathophysiology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Denver School of Nursing – BSN & ADN Pathophysiology BIO 206 / 308 – Ch 31 & 32 – Reproductive Phys / Path

  2. Development of the Reproductive System • Dependent on sex hormones • Males—testosterone • Females—estrogen, FSH, and LH • Sexual differentiation in utero • Homologous structures • Gonads • Ducts • Mesonephric • Paramesonephric

  3. Development of the Reproductive System • Negative feedback system • Present at term pregnancy • Gonadostat responds to placental estrogen • Release of GnRH

  4. Development of the Reproductive System • Puberty • 8 to 12 years of age gonads produce more sex hormones • Begins with thelarche and ends with menstrual period in females • Begins with voice changes and ends with mature sperm in males

  5. Development of the Reproductive System • Puberty • Adrenarche • Decreased gonadostat sensitivity • Positive feedback system between LH, FSH, and GnRH

  6. Internal Genitalia

  7. Internal Genitalia

  8. Ovary

  9. Follicle Development

  10. Female Sex Hormones • Estrogens • Estradiol (E2) • Estrone • Estriol • Progesterone • Androgens

  11. Menstrual Cycle • Menarche • Menopause • Phases • Menstruation (menses) • Follicular/proliferative phase • Luteal/secretory phase • Ischemic/menstrual phase

  12. Menstrual Cycle

  13. Menstrual Cycle • Ovarian cycle • Uterine phases • Vaginal response • Body temperature change

  14. Male Reproductive System • External genitalia • Testes • Produce gametes and sex hormones • Epididymis • Vas deferens • Scrotum • Penis • Glans and prepuce

  15. Male Reproductive System

  16. Male Reproductive System • Internal genitalia • Ducts • Vas deferens and ejaculatory • Glands • Seminal vesicles • Prostate gland • Bulbourethral glands

  17. Male Internal Genitalia

  18. Spermatogenesis • Spermatogonia • Primary spermatocytes • Secondary spermatocytes • Spermatids • Sertoli cells

  19. Spermatogenesis

  20. Male Reproductive System

  21. Male Sex Hormones • Androgens • Primary androgen—testosterone • Produced mainly in the Leydig cells of the testes • Testosterone • Sexual differentiation • Urogenital system development • Nervous and skeletal tissue development • Libido

  22. Aging and the Female Reproductive System • Perimenopause • Ovarian, uterine, and systemic changes • Vasomotor flush • Menopause • Breast tissue, urogenital, skeletal, and cardiac changes

  23. Aging and the Male Reproductive System • Testes atrophy, decrease in weight, and soften • Decreased levels of testosterone; gonadotropins increase

  24. Break Time…

  25. Chapter 32 Alterations of the Reproductive Systems, Including Sexually Transmitted Infections

  26. Two Points of… Clarification • Spermatogenesis • Occurs in the seminiferous tubules • Ovary • Is the female reproductive endocrine organ… therefore unlike other essential reproductive structures… only Ovarian cells have receptors for gonadotropins

  27. Alterations of Sexual Maturation • Delayed puberty • Secondary sex characteristics have not appeared in girls by age 13 • Secondary sex characteristics have not appeared in boys by age 14 • 95% of cases are simply a constitutional delay • 5% are caused by some type of disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

  28. Alterations of Sexual Maturation • Precocious puberty • Sexual maturation before age 6 in girls • Sexual maturation before age 9 in boys • Forms • Isosexual precocious puberty • Heterosexual precocious puberty • Incomplete precocious puberty

  29. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System • Hormonal and menstrual alterations • Primary dysmenorrhea • Painful menstruation associated with prostaglandin release in ovulatory cycles • Related to the duration and amount of menstrual flow • Secondary dysmenorrhea • Painful menstruation related to pelvic pathology • Can occur any time in the menstrual cycle

  30. Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations • Primary amenorrhea • Absence of menstruation by age 14 • Secondary amenorrhea • Absence of menstruation for a time equivalent to three or more cycles or 6 months in women who have previously menstruated

  31. Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations • Primary amenorrhea • Causes • Congenital defects of gonadotropin production • Genetic disorders • Congenital central nervous system defects • Congenital anatomic malformations • Acquired CNS lesions

  32. Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations • Secondary amenorrhea • Causes • Pregnancy • Dramatic weight loss • Malnutrition or excessive exercise • Anovulation • Hyperprolactinemia • Hirsutism

  33. Amenorrhea

  34. Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations • Abnormal uterine bleeding • Menstrual irregularity • Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

  35. Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations • Polycystic ovarian syndrome • Oligo-ovulation or anovulation • Elevated levels of androgens or clinical signs of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries • Leading cause of infertility in the United States

  36. Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations • Polycystic ovarian syndrome • Multifactorial • Hyperinsulinism, hypertension, dyslipidemia • Dysfunction of follicle development

  37. Hyperinsulinism

  38. Infection and Inflammation • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) • Acute inflammatory disease caused by infection • May involve any organ of the reproductive tract • Salpingitis • Oophoritis • Sexually transmitted diseases migrate from the vagina to the upper genital tract • Polymicrobial infection

  39. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

  40. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

  41. Infection and Inflammation • Vaginitis • Infection of the vagina • Sexually transmitted pathogens, bacterial vaginosis, and Candida albicans • Acidic nature of the vagina provides some protection • Maintained by cervical secretions, normal flora, and lactobacillus acidophilus

  42. Infection and Inflammation • Cervicitis • Inflammation or infection of the cervix • Mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC)

  43. Infection and Inflammation • Vulvitis • Inflammation of the female external genitalia • Causes • Contact with soaps, detergents, lotions, hygienic sprays, shaving, menstrual pads, perfumed toilet paper, or nonabsorbing or tight-fitting clothing • Vaginal infections that spread to the labia

  44. Pelvic Relaxation Disorders • The bladder, urethra, and rectum are supported by the endopelvic fascia and perineal muscles • The muscular and fascial tissue loses tone and strength with aging • Fails to maintain organs in proper position

  45. Pelvic Relaxation Disorders • Cystocele • Rectocele • Urethrocele • Cystourethrocele • Enterocele • Vaginal prolapse • Uterine prolapse

  46. Pelvic Relaxation Disorders

  47. Benign Growths and Proliferative Conditions • Endometrial polyps • Benign mass of endometrial tissue • Intermenstrual, and excessive bleeding can occur

  48. Benign Growths and Proliferative Conditions • Leiomyomas • Commonly called uterine fibroids • Benign tumors of smooth muscle cells in the myometrium • Cause abnormal uterine bleeding, pain, and symptoms related to pressure on nearby structures

More Related