Introduction to Logistics and Supply Chain

1. 1 1 IntroductiontoLogisticsandSupplyChain

2. PETER DRUCKERS stated that: Logistics is one of the last frontiers of opportunity for organizations wishing to improve their corporate efficiency.

3. 1 Logistics Management 1 Logistics management is the process of • planning, • implementing and • controlling • the efficient, cost-effective forward and reverse flowof raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods, services, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements. Council of Logistics Management

4. Customer service Demand forecasting Distribution communications Inventory control Material handling Order processing Parts and service support Plant and warehouse site selection Procurement Packaging Reverse logistics Traffic and transportation Warehousing and storage Logistics activities

5. Logistics Is Relevant to All Types of Organizations • The definition of logistics includes the flow of materials and services in both the manufacturing and service sector. • The service sector includes entities such as the government, hospitals, banks, retailers and wholesalers.

6. Logistics has been called by many names including the following: Materials management Physical distribution Business logistics Channel management Distribution Industrial logistics Logistical management Definition of Logistics Management

8. System Approach/Integration • Logistics is, in itself, a system; it is a network of related activities with the purpose of managing the orderly flow of goods, information and service with the logistics channel. • The systems approach simply states that all functions or activities need to be understood in terms of how they affect, and are affected by, other elements and activities with which they interact.

9. System must be viewed as a wholeLogistics and Supply Chain Management Approach

10. Systems Approach • The sum of a series of activities is greater than its individual parts. • Trade-off analysis-system should be viewed as a whole. High inventory- High customer service High storage costs High obsolescence risks

11. The Five Rights of Logistics • Right Items, needed for consumption or production, • Right Place • Right Time • Right Condition • Right Cost,

12. Logistics Adds Value by Creating Utility • FORM UTILITY is the process of creating the good and service, or putting it in the proper form for the customer to use.(from raw materials to finished goods) • POSSESSION UTILITY is the value added to a product or service because the customer is able to take actual possession. (by credit a arrangements, loans...) • TIME UTILITY is the value added by having an item when it is needed. • PLACE UTILITY means having the item or service available where it is needed.

13. Logistics Supports Marketing • According to Kotler and Armstrong; • marketing management - determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors • Impact of marketing concept ----customer orientation

14. Marketing / LogisticsManagement Concept 1 4 Customersatisfaction • Suppliers • Intermediate customers • Final customers Integratedeffort Companyprofit • Maximize long-term profitability • Lowest total costs given an acceptable level of customer service • Product • Price • Promotion • Place (distribution)

15. Marketing-Logistics Concepts • Time and place utility –customer service level –customer satisfaction • Customer service is an output of the logistics system

16. Competitive Advantage • The source of competitive advantage is found ; • In the ability of the organization to differentiate itself, in the eyes of the customer, from its competitors, • By operating at a lower cost and hence at greater profit. Christopher s.5

17. It is only in the recent past that business organizations have come to recognize the vital impact that logistics management can have in the achievement of competitive advantage. Martin Christopher

18. Components ofLogistics Management 2 1 Management actions Inputs into logistics Planning Implementation Control Outputs oflogistics Naturalresources(land, facilities, and equipment) Competitiveadvantage Logistics management Timeand placeutility Humanresources Rawmaterials In-processinventory Finishedgoods Suppliers Customers Efficientmovementto customer Financialresources Proprietaryasset Informationresources Logistics activities • Customer service • Demand forecasting • Distribution communications • Inventory control • Material handling • Order processing • Parts and service support • Plant and warehouse site selection • Procurement • Packaging • Reverse logistics • Traffic and transportation • Warehousing and storage

19. The Outputs of the Logistics System The outputs of the logistics system are • competitive advantage, • time and • place utility, • efficient movement to the customer, and • providing a logistics service mix such that logistics becomes a proprietary asset of the organization.

20. SCM (CSCMP Definition) • Supply Chain Management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all logistics activities. • Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, and customers. • In essence, Supply Chain Management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies.

21. Competition Today the real competition is not company against company but rather supply chain against supply chain. Christopher s. 16,38

22. Military logistics developments Transportation deregulation Competitive pressures Information technology Channel power Profit leverage 1 3 Factors Impacting the Development of Logistics

23. Throughout the history ; wars have been won and lost through logistics strengths and capabilities or the lack of them. 1.Military Logistics

24. 1.Military Logistics • Following the World War II, logistics began to receive increased recognition and emphasis. • In the Persian Gulf War in 1990-1991, the ability to efficiently and effectively distribute and store supplies and personnel were key factors in the success of the US Armed Force.

25. 2.Deregulation • Deregulation of the transportation industry in the late 1970s and early 1980s gave organizations many more options and increased the competition within and between transportation modes. • Carriers become more creative, flexible, customer-oriented, and comparative in order to succeed. • They can focus on negotiation of rates, terms, and services, with their overall attention directed toward getting the best transportation buy.

26. 3. Competitive Pressures • Globalization and competition • With rising interest rates and increasing energy costs during the 1970s, logistics received more attention as a cost driver-emphasis on cost control WHY? • Local firms versus overseas competitors • Increased offshore buying and selling activities, more complex and more costly global supply chains

27. 4.Information Technology • Information technology gave organizations the ability to better monitor transactions intensive activities such as ordering, movement of goods... • Computerized quantitative models for controlling and optimization • MRP,MRP II,DRP,DRP II,JIT link material management from order processing to inventory management, forecasting and production.

28. 5.Channel Power • Shifting channel power from manufacturers to retailers, wholesalers, and distributors has also had a profound impact on logistics. • Lower brand loyalty decreases a manufacturer’s power-increases retailer’s power

29. 6. Profit Leverage • $1 saved in logistics costs has a much greater impact on the organization’s profitability than a $1 increase in sales. • There are costs associated with sales ( cost of goods sold…) ] $ 1 increase in sales does not result in $ 1 dolar increase in profit

30. 1 Key Logistics Activities 6 • Customer service • Demand forecasting • Inventory management • Logistics communications • Material handling • Order processing • Packaging • Parts & service support • Plant & warehouse site selection • Procurement • Reverse logistics • Traffic & transportation • Warehousing & storage

31. CUSTOMER SERVICE • Good customer service supports customer satisfaction. • Customer service is the output of the logistics system. • It involves getting the right product, to the right customer at the right place,in the right condition, at the right time and at the lowest total cost possible. • The key trade off of customer service: cost of lost sales • Dissatisfied customer tells to average of nine others

32. DEMAND FORECASTING • There are many types of demand forecasting such as; • marketing forecasts customer demand based on promotions, pricing, competition and etc. or • manufacturing forecasts production requirements based on marketing sales demand forecasts and current inventory levels. • Logistics usually becomes involved in forecasting in terms of how much should be ordered from its suppliers and how much of finished product should be transported or held in each market that the organization serves.

33. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT • Inventory management involves ; trading off the level of inventory held to achieve high customer service levels with the cost of holding inventory, including capital tied up in inventory, variable storage costs and obsolescence.

34. LOGISTICS COMMUNICATIONS • Communications are becoming increasingly automated, complex and rapid. • Computerized advance communication systems • Wal-Mart ( supplier link-real time demand data-on time replenishment)

35. MATERIALS HANDLING • Materials handling is a broad area that encompasses virtually all aspects of all movements of raw materials, work in process, or finished goods within a plant or warehouse. • A primary objective of materials management is to eliminate handling wherever possible-min. travel distance, bottlenecks, inventory levels and loss.

36. ORDER PROCESSING Order processing entails the systems • getting orders from customers, • checking on the status of orders • communicating to customers about them, • filling the order • making it available to the customer. Advanced order-processing methods ( EDI-electronic data interchange, EFT-electronic funds transfer, barcoding costs

37. PACKAGING • For protection and storage from a logistical perspective. • Important for protection during storage and transportaion • Important to be designed for the warehouse configuration and materials handling equipment

38. PARTS AND SERVICE SUPPORT • Logistics is responsible for providing after-sale service support. • This may include: • delivery of repair parts to dealers, • stocking adequate spares, • responding quickly to demand for repairs...

39. PLANT AND WAREHOUSE SITE SELECTION • Determining the location of the company’s plants and warehouses is a strategic decision • affects the costs of transporting raw materials inbound and finished goods outbound, but also customer service levels and speed of response.

40. PROCUREMENT Procurement is the purchase of materials and service from outside organizations to support the firm’s operations from production to marketing, sales, and logistics. Supplier selection, negotiation of price, supplier quality assessment…

41. REVERSE LOGISTICS • Reverse flow of goods, services and related information because of recycling, reusing and disposal activities. • Returns may take place because of a problem with the performance of the item or simply because of the customer changed his or her mind. • Return goods handling is complex and costly. • The cost of moving a product backward nearly as much as nine times as high as moving the same product forward.

42. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION • This is the key logistics activity actually provide for the movement of materials and goods from point of origin to point of consumption and (disposal as well) • Selection of mode, routing the shipment, assuring of compliance with regulations in the region of the country where shipment is occuring, selection of the carrier… • Largest logistics cost

43. WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE Warehousing supports time and place utility by allowing an item to be produced and helps for later consumption. Warehouse layout, design,ownership, automation…

44. Logistics activity is literally thousands of years old, dating back to the earliest forms of organized trade.As an area of study however, it first began to gain attention in the early 1900s -in the distribution of farm products, -as a way to support the organization’s business strategy, -and as a way of providing time and place utility.

45. Development of Logistics 6 Eras • Era 1: Farm to market ( early 1900s) ( 1916-1940) Major influence- agricultural economies distribution of farm products transportation • Era 2: Segmented functions (1940-1960) Major influence-military with World War II independent functions-institutional approach, inbound outbound transportation, wholesaling, retailing, physical distribution

46. Era 3: Integrated functions ( early 1960s- early 1970s) Major influence- industrial economies Linking them together Total cost approach Systems approach Integration of logistics • Era 4: Customer focus (early 1970s-mid 1980) Major influence: management science Customer service Inventory carrying Productivity Link-node OR influence

47. Era 5: Logistics as a differentiator ( mid 1980s-present) Major influence-IT, management strategy globalization reverse logistics environment integrated supply chain management • Era 6: Behavioral and boundary spanning (future) Major influence: marketing, social sciences behavioral aspects of interfirm relations theory development customer perceptions of logistics systems

48. TOTAL COST CONCEPT • “The total cost concept” is the key to effectively managing logistics processes. • The goal of the organization should be to reduce the total cost of logistics activities, rather than focusing on each activity in isolation.

49. MAJOR LOGISTICS COST CATEGORIES 1 7 • Customer service levels • Transportation costs • Warehousing costs • Order processing/information systems costs • Lot quantity costs • Inventory carrying costs

50. Transportationcosts Traffic and transportation Inventorycarrying costs Inventory management Packaging Reverse logistics Lot quantitycosts Material handling procurement Warehousingcosts Warehouse and storage Plant and warehouse selection Order processing and information costs Order processing LIS(logistics communications) Demand forecasting/planning 1 5 14 key logistics activites Place/customer servicelevels Customer service, Parts and service support, Return goods handling Source: Adapted from Douglas M. Lambert, The Development of an Inventory Costing Methodology: A Study of the Costs Associated with Holding Inventory (Chicago, IL: National Council of Physical Distribution Management, 1976), p. 7.