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Ecosystem Services of Trees

Ecosystem Services of Trees. Jacinda Mainord, Inupiat Graduate Student School of the Environment Portland State University. ??. Forests c over ~42 million sq. km and s tore about half of the terrestrial carbon

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Ecosystem Services of Trees

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  1. Ecosystem Services of Trees Jacinda Mainord, Inupiat Graduate Student School of the Environment Portland State University

  2. ??

  3. Forests cover ~42 million sq. km and store about half of the terrestrial carbon Tropical and temporal forests responsible for most of the carbon sequestered Bonan 2008

  4. Approximately 33% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are sequestered from forests (Bonan 2008)

  5. Evolution of Climate Models • Atmospheric modeling • Using energy fluxes, moisture, and atmospheric physics and dynamics • Hydrologic cycle • Effects of vegetation on energy and water fluxes • Incorporation of plant physiology theory • Biological control of evapotranspiration coupled with hydrometeorology and biogeochemistry

  6. Ecosystem Service-Benefits people obtain from ecosystems Products ie. Food, fuel, fiber Cultural and Aesthetic Benefits Supporting Services ie. Nutrient cycling Regulation and Disease Control ie. Climate control MA, 2005

  7. What are the Ecosystem Services of an Urban Forest? Benefits Disbenefits Initial investment Maintenance Pruning Fertilizers & water Leaf litter removal Sidewalks Pests Emissions of BVOCs and N2O Property damage Obscuring vistas & sunlight • Stormwater interception • Carbon sequestration • Air Quality • Aesthetics • Biodiversity • Psychological • Cultural • Reducing energy use due to shading

  8. What are the Cultural Ecosystem Services of a Forest?

  9. Outline of Ecosystem Services • Carbon Sequestration • Air Pollutant Removal • Rainwater Interception • Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions

  10. Carbon Sequestration and Storage Atmospheric carbon fixed through photosynthesis Carbon is lost through respiration and decomposition Leaf and twig drop add carbon to soils Nutrient uptake of soil carbon

  11. Air Pollutant Removal • Uptake through leaf stomata • Deposition on tree surfaces Carlson 2003

  12. Biogenic Volatile Organic Carbon Emissions • Trees emit isoprenes and monoterpenes • Largest source of volatile organic compounds • Role in ozone and carbon monoxide formation • Role in haze formation

  13. Stormwater Interception http://www.co.henrico.va.us

  14. Differences in Ecosystem Services • Species Distribution • Age Distribution • Regional Differences • Meteorological and pollutant variations

  15. Available Software tools ArcGIS Eco STRATUM CITYgreen Streets Streets

  16. i-Tree Software Suite • i-Tree Eco • i-Tree Streets • i-Tree Vue • i-Tree Canopy • Beta Tools: • i-Tree Hydro • i-Tree Design • i-Tree Species • i-Tree Pest Detection • i-Tree Storm • Coming Soon: • i-Tree Forecast

  17. Urban Forest Effects- UFORE • Also known as i-Tree Eco • Peer-reviewed • Computer model to calculate forest ecosystem services • Species composition, tree density, diameter distribution, tree health, leaf and tree biomass, species diversity

  18. Input to iTree Eco for carbon sequestration and pollutant removal: Region Reference trees Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) Crown width Crown base Height Meteorological data Hourly Pollutant Data

  19. i-Tree Eco at a Glance • Sample output

  20. i-Tree Streets • Assessment of ecosystem services of street trees • Basic inventory data on tree species and diameter • Provides BVOC emissions and rainfall interception • Use of Reference Cities

  21. Input to iTree Streets for rainfall interception and BVOCs • Region • Reference trees • DBH

  22. i-Tree Streets at a Glance BVOC Emissions (lb) -1.0 0.0 -4.4 -3.2 0.0 BVOC Emissions ($) -2 0 -10 -7 0 Species Norway maple Ash Sugar maple Northern red oak Elm Total (lb) 29.1 22.1 23.3 16.2 8.3

  23. Ecosystem Services Valuation of Trees Plantings in Portland, OR • Study in conjunction with Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and Friends of Trees (FoT) • Study Area: 16.5 mile Multi-Use Path along I-205 in Portland, OR • 3837 tree saplings planted at 22 sites Photo courtesy of FoT

  24. Project Description At 5, 10, and 20 Years from Planting, Project: • Carbon sequestration and carbon storage • Air pollutants removal (specifically NO2, SO2, Particulate Matter (PM), and Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC)) • Rainfall interception

  25. Background Work • Gather growth equations for trees planted • Develop database projecting crown width, crown ratio, and height at DBH growth stages • Populate i-Tree Eco database with projected tree metrics • Run projected tree scenarios

  26. Species and Plot Distribution

  27. Results at a Glance

  28. Rainwater Interception 2010-11 Portland Airport Rainfall: 1.136 m3 Total area of plantings: 343500 m2 Total Rain over Plantings: 390,000 m3 4.0% of Total Rainfall intercepted at 20 years after Planting

  29. Car Equivalents of Carbon Sequestered 2008 Average Daily Traffic at Gladstone Exit off I-205: 143800 cars Emissions calculated from Walsh et al 2008. Emission Factor: 0.17 kg CO2/km for passenger car

  30. Annual Air Pollutant Removal Photos courtesy of Friends of Trees

  31. Valuation of Ecosystem Services Based on: $20.30/ton C sequestered $7.34/cu. m rainfall intercepted $1407/ t CO $9906/ t O3 $9906/ t NO2 $6614/ t PM10 $2425/t SO2

  32. Access to i-Tree Software Suite • http://itreetools.org/ • Applications and Utilities Available for download • Workshop training schedules • Previous workshop presentations • Manuals • Other resources and publications

  33. Examples of Use in Tribal Communities • Decision making • Quantify pollutant removal, rainwater interception, carbon sequestration • Broad picture of entire forest • Assess canopy cover of tribal lands • Stream flow, water quality

  34. Questions? Quyana, thank you. Contact information: jacinda.mainord@gmail.com

  35. References Bonan, G. B., 2008. Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests. Science. 320, 1444-1449. MA, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends. Island Press, Washington DC Carlson, Toby N., (5 Aug 2003). Chapter 7. John A. Dutton e-Education Institute. Retrieved on 2 Apr 2012. https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/simsphere/workbook/ch07.html Nowak et al. 2008. A Ground-Based Method of Assessing Urban Forest Structure and Ecosystem Services. Aboriculture and Urban Forestry. Vol 34 No. 6. pp 347-358 Walsh et al 2008. A comparison of carbon dioxide emissions associated with motorised transport modes and cycling in Ireland. Transportation Research Part D. 13, (2008), 392-399. Murray, F.J.; Marsh, L.; Bradford, P.A. 1994. New York State energy plan, vol. II: issue reports. Albany, NY: New York State Energy Office. McPherson EG et al. (2002) Western Washington and Oregon Community Tree Guide: Benefits, Costs and Strategic Planning. International Society of Arboriculture- Pacific Northwest Chapter, Silverton, OR. 76 pp. Tech. Rep. NRS-57. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 49 p. http://www.furneysnursery.com/2011/11/15/chief-joseph-lodgepole-pine-pinus-contorta-chief-joseph%E2%80%99/ Qingfu Ziao, E. Gregory McPherson, Susan L. Ustin and Mark E. Grismer. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 105. No. D23. Pages 29173-29188. Dec. 2000. http://www.itreetools.org/ http://www.co.clackamas.or.us/docs/dtd/trafficcount.pdf http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/ http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

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