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Revision Paper 2- Optional Units- Final revision. Three questions- choose . Changing Coasts Retail and urban change Tourism. State the meaning of.... (2) . Usually for definitions, data response, notice the marks, this indicates you need to give an example .
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Three questions- choose Changing Coasts Retail and urban change Tourism
State the meaning of.... (2) Usually for definitions, data response, notice the marks, this indicates you need to give an example.
Describe- say what it shows. • Describe the general pattern. • Give figures, dates, place names. • Provide any exceptions.
Explain- say why it has happened. Explanation questions usually carry 3 marks- think Point Consequence Elaboration
Coasts http://www.flickr.com/photos/silverxraven/2995854149/
Erosion – mechanical wearing away of rocks • Corrasion – rocks hurled at the base of a cliff between high and low tide • Attrition – rocks smashing and rubbing against each other become smaller over time • Solution – rocks dissolve by the sea • Hydraulic action – water forced into cracks, the pressure causes them to widen • Long shore drift – the zigzag movement of material along a coastline (Swash and Backwash) • Deposition - the dropping of rock
What happens when a wave breaks? Waves travel towards the beach at an angle driven by the prevailing wind- moving material towards the beach- SWASH. Prevailing wind. Waves runs back down at right angles to the beach- following the steepest gradient under gravity- called BACKWASH. Material will travel with it. In this way material is transported along the coastline- called Long Shore Drift (L.S.D).
Draw a diagram that illustrates the formation of a how a cliff retreat and the formation of a wave cut platform.
FORMATION OF A WAVE CUT PLATFORM • 1.Between high and low tide rocks are hurled at the base of a cliff- corrasion. • .This forms a wave cut notch. • .Continued corrasion will cause the wave cut notch to expand. • .The rock above the wave cut notch becomes unstable and collapses into the sea. • .The cliff has now retreated. • .A wave cut platform is left behind- erosion cannot take place below low tide.
6. Occasionally the wind direction may change- this will also change the direction of LSD.- this cause the spit to curve. 1. Direction of the prevailing wind- North-East. 4. Here there is a change in direction of the coastline, this means the sea is quite calm and shallow. 2. Swash transports material up the beach. Backwash transports material down the beach. 5. This encourages deposition to occur and a spit begins to form. LSD can continue. 7. The area behind the spit is now sheltered encouraging greater deposition- over time a salt marsh may form. 3. Material is moved along the beach in a zig-zag motion- called long shore drift. 8.Here the spit is limited from developing further by a river- which will carry material away. ‘With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain the formation of the spit at Blakeney Point.’
EROSION MANAGEMENT Hard engineering techniques. Soft engineering techniques. Controlled disruption of a natural process by using man-made structures. Use of environmentally sustainable strategies to reduce the impact of a natural process. • Beach nourishment • Sea walls • Groynes • Gabions
CASE STUDY OF A COASTAL MANAGEMENT- HOLDERNESS COAST, UK • Causes • Soft clay cliffs. • Long fetch from North-East • 2 metres of erosion per year. • Strategy • Roll back policy. • Caravan parks moved 400 metres from the coast. • New developments must be 30-200 metres from the coast. • Only major settlements protected. • Mappleton- 450 metres of cliffs protected. 61,500 tonnes of rock armour, two groynes and sloping revetment.
Bangladesh- Hard/Soft Engineering Protecting Against Coastal Flooding • Reasons for increased coastal flooding • Rising temperatures, leading to melting of land based ice and thermal expansion. • Warmer seas leading to more intense tropical storms, .i.e cyclones, resulting in storm surges and heavy rainfall. • Coastlines are densely populated, increasing the ice of flooding. • Afforestation along the coastline • Development of flood walls in some area • Public education about living next to the coast • Early warning system of potential flooding events • Cyclone shelters Thames Barrier, London - Hard Engineering Medberry, West Sussex- Soft Engineering • U.K’s largest scheme- £28 million pounds • Original shingle beach unsustainable- required maintenance each year- risk increase die to sea level change. Cost £300,000 a year. Breached 14 times since 1994. • Sea will be allowed to flood, defences built further inland. 7km flood wall 2 km inland- protect from 1 in 1000 year flood • Previous flood in March 2008 caused £5 million pounds of damage. • 183 hectares of land. • Open 1983 • Current cost £1.6 billion • 10 gates raised within 30 minutes to stop storm surges • Protects 80 billion pounds of assets • Protects 12 million people • No flood in central London since opening • Will need to be rebuilt in the future – 2030.
Tourism http://www.flickr.com/photos/carreon/462155740/
Factors influencing the growth of tourism. Increase in leisure time. Increase in disposable incomes. Cheaper travel, increase in travel options. Rise of global media. Increased wealth and health of pensioners.
Explain why tourism can bring both advantages and disadvantages for people and the environment of one MEDC region you have studied. [8] Mark scheme Level descriptor Level 11-2 marks List or simple description of advantages/disadvantages. Information is communicated by brief statements. There is a basic structure. There is reasonable accuracy of spelling, punctuation and grammar. Level 23-4 marks One or more advantages/disadvantages are described with some elaboration. May not be balanced between people and/or environment. Reference to MEDC region is generalised and lacks detail. Max 4 marks for an LEDC Communication is clear and logical. Spelling, punctuation and grammar have considerable accuracy. Level 35-6 marks Description / explanation of advantages and / or disadvantages of tourism on both people and the environment. Reference to an MEDC region is specific. Communication is clear, logical and has structure. Specialist terms are used with proficiency. Spelling, punctuation and grammar have considerable accuracy. Level 47-8 marks Advantages and disadvantages of tourism on both people and the environment are explained with more than one example of elaboration. Reference to an MEDC region is specific and detailed. Communication is very clear, sophisticated and well structured. Specialist terms are used adeptly. Spelling, punctuation and grammar have consistent accuracy.
How are city centres changing? Nottingham • £3.5 billion pound private- public regeneration • Improving the city centre • Market Place- £7 million pound make-over • Pedestrianisation of shopping areas • Use of heritagisation- Victorian signs and furniture • Attracting shops- allowing the redevelopment of Broadmarsh shopping centre • Development of improved public transport links- new tram lines and improved train station • Development of waterfront areas along the canals and the River Trent • Investment in inner city communities such as St.Anns and Sneinton • Sneinton Market • Creating a creative quarter for the media industry. • Improved environment in ex-industrial areas, i.e. Hockley, has lead to private gentrification. Area now focused upon nightlife and entertainment. Remember you can also use Freiburg as an example of urban change…
How are city centres changing? Nottingham- Impacts Daytime- focus on retail Night time- focus on leisure and entertainment
Changing shopping Case study of an out of town shopping area: Meadowhall, Sheffield • Shopping environment • Undercover • CCTV • Light and bright • Vegetation • Leisure • World’s largest food court • 11 cinema screens • Special events i.e. classical concerts and tea dances. • Access • Ex-industrial site- large • 12,000 car parking spaces • 300 coach spaces • 120 buses per hour • Train and train access • All reduced friction of distance. • Shopping • 233 stores, many multiple • Longer opening hours
Changing shopping Impact of out of town shopping Why have out of town shopping stores developed? • Land is cheaper on the outskirts of cities • Large areas of land- allows large stores, larger range of products.. Also allows a large car park. • Large area of land allows stores to be built on one level • Better access for cars via roads- reduces the friction of distance • Environment is often attractive on the outskirts of a city. Enhancing the High Street, Ilkeston • Replicate the conditions of OFT shopping • Pedestrianisation • CCTV • Undercover areas i.e. Albion Centre • Improving shop frontages • Greening – vegetation • Free car parking • Exploiting heritage Why have our shopping habits changed? • Cars allow bulk buying, reducing frequency of visits needed • Monthly wage packets • Fridge and freezers allow bulk buying • Cheaper technology in the home and access to the internet.
Consumer choices Case study, Cocoa farming in Ghana (Chocolate) Case study, China- Apple You could also discuss the impact of buying Cocoa Cola. • Ghana Cocoa farmers • Low profit, price goes up and down • Small farms • Labour intensive-, including children, injury from snakes, using machete • Poor quality of life, lack of healthcare, access to education • Fairtrade • Set price- covers cost of production • Paid upfront to farmer to allow planning • Collective • Consumer pays 20% - social premium used for quality of life projects • Social • 47,000 employee directly • 230,000 indirectly • Jobs for graduates in research and development • Economic • Supports 349 supplies- positive multiplier effect • Expanding stores from 13 to 25 • Billion dollar investment • Environmental • Recycling of e-waste creates jobs • Social • Low paidlong hours, 69 hrs a week $10 dollars a week • Economic • Profits $1.3 billion leak abroad • Company exempt from first 15% of tax • Environmental • 37 manufacturers known to be serious polluters • 70% of e-waste ends in China • Contamination of groundwater with heavy metals
You could also reuse this case study as an example of the impact of trade and consumer choice. Consumer choices Case study, tomatofarming in Ghana
