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AP World History Chapter 1

AP World History Chapter 1. Before History. Forming the Complex Society. Basic development: Hunting and foraging Agriculture Complex society Key issue: surplus capital Major development of first complex societies 3500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E. Prehistory. What is “history”? Documentation

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AP World History Chapter 1

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  1. AP World HistoryChapter 1 Before History

  2. Forming the Complex Society • Basic development: • Hunting and foraging • Agriculture • Complex society • Key issue: surplus capital • Major development of first complex societies 3500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E

  3. Prehistory • What is “history”? • Documentation • Written records • Archaeological discovery • Requisite human presence (or “natural” history) Cuneiform writing Stonehenge 2400 BCE Moai statues in Polynesia

  4. Development of Hominids • Animals adapt themselves to environment • Hominids adapt environment to themselves • Use of tools • Language • Complex cooperative social structures

  5. Australopithecus • “The southern ape” – despite name, a hominid • Discovery of skeleton, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia • Nicknamed “Lucy” • 3’5”, 55lb., bipedal, brain 500 cc (modern human: 1400 cc), limited speech but opposable digit Lucy - 3.2 Million years old

  6. Later Hominids • Homo erectus, “upright walking human” • Larger brain capacity (1000 cc), improved tool use, control of fire, ability to communicate complex ideas • Homo sapiens, “consciously thinking human” • Largest brain, esp. frontal regions • Most sophisticated tools and social organization; flexible language • Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens

  7. Global Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens

  8. The Natural Environment • By 13,000 B.C.E., Homo sapiens in every inhabitable part of the world • Archaeological finds: • Sophisticated tools • Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows • Cave and hut-like dwellings • Use of fire, animal skins • Hunted several mammal species to extinction • Climatic change may have accelerated process

  9. Relative Social Equality • Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of land-based wealth • Relatively egalitarian (equal) existence • More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill, fertility, personality • Possible gender equality related to food production • Men: protein from hunting • Women: plant gathering

  10. Big-Game Hunting • Evidence of intelligent coordination of hunting expeditions • Development of weaponry • Animal-skin disguises • Stampeding tactics • Lighting of fires, etc., to drive game into kill zones • Required planning, communication

  11. Paleolithic Settlements • Natufian society • Modern Israel and Jordan • Wild wheat, herding • Jomon society • Japan • Wild buckwheat, fishing • Chinook society • Pacific northwest • Berries, acorns, salmon runs • Groups of 1000 or more

  12. Neandertal Peoples • Neander valley, western Germany • Flourished in Europe and southwest Asia, 200,000 to 35,000 years ago • Also found in Africa, east Asia • Evidence of spirituality: ritual burial • Inhabited some of the same areas as Homo sapiens

  13. Creativity of Homo sapiens • flexible languages for communication of complex ideas • Increased variety of tools – stone blades, spear throwers, sewing needles, barbed harpoons • Fabricated ornamental beads, necklaces and bracelets • The bow and arrow – a dramatic improvement in humans’ power over nature • “Venus” figurines • Cave paintings

  14. Neolithic Era (“New Stone Age”) • Distinction in tool production • Chipped vs. polished • Relied on cultivation for subsistence • Men: herding animals rather than hunting • Women: nurturing vegetation rather than foraging • Spread of agriculture • Slash-and-burn techniques • Exhaustion of soil promotes migration • Transport of crops from one region to another

  15. Origins and Early Spread of Agriculture

  16. Early Agricultural Society • Emergence of villages and towns • Discoveries at ÇatalHüyük – a prominent village located in Turkey, occupied 7250-5400 B.C.E. • Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone, metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beads, and jewelry • Development of crafts – pottery, metallurgy, and textile production CatulHuyuk

  17. Social Distinctions • Accumulation of landed wealth initiates development of social classes • Individuals could trade surplus food for valuable items • Archaeological evidence in variety of household decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at ÇatalHüyük

  18. Neolithic Culture • Farmers closely observed the natural world – an early kind of applied science • Elements of natural environment essential for functioning • Archaeological evidence of religious worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects • Fertility: Venus figurines

  19. The Origins of Urban Life • Craft specialization • Social stratification • Governance • Cultural workers • Development of the city – a gradual process

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