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The Vietnam War 1954 - 1975

16.1. The Vietnam War 1954 - 1975. Objectives. Describe reasons that the US helped the French fight the Vietnamese Identify ways in which the US opposed communism in southeast Asia Analyze how the US increased its involvement in Vietnam. Background to the War.

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The Vietnam War 1954 - 1975

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  1. 16.1 The Vietnam War 1954 - 1975

  2. Objectives Describe reasons that the US helped the French fight the Vietnamese Identify ways in which the US opposed communism in southeast Asia Analyze how the US increased its involvement in Vietnam.

  3. Background to the War • France controlled “Indochina” since the late 19th century • Japan took control during World War II • With U.S. aid, France attempted re-colonization in the postwar period taking control of their natural resources

  4. Ho Chi Minh • Helped to lead the independence movement in Vietnam. • A year after Japan took over Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh formed an organization called the Viet Minh. • Allies defeat Japan, forces Japanese to leave. • Independence seems a reality. • After WWII, France tries to regain power in Vietnam, controls the southern half.

  5. Question • Who might the United States support and why? • Answer : France, to keep them as an ally against the Soviet Union and to keep communism from spreading to another country (even though Ho Chi Minh’s supporters fought a cause very similar to the American Revolution) .

  6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=QP9QDRDLw6chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=QP9QDRDLw6c US Involvement • Truman sends $15 million in economic aid to France, $2.6 billion over the next four years. • Domino Theory- idea that if one nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will do the same.

  7. French Defeated • The French lost control to Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minhforces in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu • President Eisenhower declined to intervene on behalf of France.

  8. Geneva Accords • After Diem Bien Phu, major players met in Geneva to come to an agreement. • The agreed to divide the country along the 17th parallel. • Communists and Minh – North Nationalists – South • An election would unify the country in 1956.

  9. 17th Parallel

  10. Diem Cancels Elections • A date was set for democratic elections to reunify Vietnam • Because Ho Chi Minh was so popular, Diem thought he may lose so he cancels the election. • The US, understanding that Minh would probably win, supports the cancel.

  11. U.S. Military Involvement Begins • Repressive dictatorial rule by Diem • Diem’s family holds all power • Wealth is hoarded by the elite • Buddhist majority persecuted • Torture, lack of political freedom prevail • The U.S. aided Diem’s government • Ike sent financial and military aid • 675 U.S. Army advisors sent by 1960.

  12. Early Protests of Diem’s Government Communist opposition group forms in the South, called theVietcong. Self-Emolation by a Buddhist Monk

  13. Question • Why was the Diem regime so unpopular? • Answer: Corrupt, lack of land reform, persecution of Buddhists

  14. U.S. Military Involvement Begins • Kennedy elected 1960 • Increases military “advisors” to 16,000 (first President to sent soldiers) • 1963: JFK supports a Vietnamese military coup d’etat – Diem and his brother are murdered (Nov. 2) • Kennedy was assassinated just weeks later (Nov. 22)

  15. Johnson Sends Ground Forces • Remembers Truman’s “loss” of China Domino Theory revived “I’m not going to be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went.”

  16. Gulf of Tonkin • A Vietnamese patrol boat fired a torpedo at the U.S.S. Maddox. • Two days later, Maddox thought they were getting attacked again, prompting a massive attack on North Vietnam.

  17. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • After the attack, LBJ asks Congress for power to take necessary measures to repel against attack. • Congress approved Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: August 7, 1964. Only two people in Congress voted against it. • The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave President Johnson the power: 'to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression' and ...'to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom'. • Gave LBJ power to increase war effort, Operation Rolling Thunder targets N. Vietnam. • Most experts today do not think the ships were attacked. This may have Johnson’s way to get more involved in Vietnam.

  18. The Century

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