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Comprehensive Guide to Operating Systems: From Hardware Basics to System Calls

Explore the intricate workings of operating systems, from the fundamental hardware elements like processors and memory, to advanced concepts like system calls and resource management. Uncover the evolution of operating systems, understand various types of OS, and delve into important topics like memory management, I/O devices, and file systems. This guide provides a detailed overview of operating system structures, processes, and security considerations, ensuring a thorough understanding of this critical component in modern computing.

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Comprehensive Guide to Operating Systems: From Hardware Basics to System Calls

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  1. Introduction to Operating Systems

  2. Definition • Extended Machine • Abstractions OS ISA Bare Machine

  3. Definition • Resource Manager • Bottom-up View HW SW Processors Memory Files + Network I/O Progs in exe

  4. History • The Generations • First, 1945-55 • Second, 1955-65 • Third, 1965-80 • Fourth, 1980-present

  5. Types of Operating Systems • Mainframe • Personal Computer • Multiprocessor • Server • Real-Time • Embedded • Hand-Held Devices

  6. Computer Hardware • Processors • Memory • I/O Devices • Buses

  7. Processors • Instruction Set • General purpose • Special purpose • Operating Modes • System mode • User mode • Registers • Special • Program Counter, Stack Pointer, PSW • General

  8. Memory • Memory Hierarchy • Main/Primary Memory • Size • How addressed • Partitions • Protection • Secondary Memory • Disks • Tapes

  9. I/O Devices • Master-Slave relationship • Controllers • Device Drivers • Actual Devices • Commands • Shareable, Not shareable • Virtualization

  10. I/O Devices • Interrupts • Concurrency • Indeterminate behavior • Change of state • Interrupt types and codes • Interrupt handlers • Polling • Periodic • Event driven

  11. Buses • Interconnection Network • Standards and Protocols • Synchronous vs Asynchronous • Contention vs Non-contention

  12. Operating System Concepts • Processes • Deadlocks • Memory Management • Input/Output • Files • Security • The Shell

  13. Processes • A Program in Execution • Address Space • Process Table • Inter-process Communication • Resource Sharing • Deadlocks P2 P1 P0

  14. Memory Management • Main Memory • Size, Addressing • Physical Memory • Partitions • Protection • Virtual Memory • Pages • Protection

  15. Files • File System • Directories (Folders) • Descriptors • Operations

  16. Security • User Control • Access Control • Techniques

  17. System Calls • Why System Calls? • System Calls for • Process Management • File Management • Directory Management Process SystemCall Kernel SC-IH

  18. Operating System Structure • Monolithic • Layered • Virtual Machines • Client-Server

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