Grade 11 Art History

1. Grade 11 Art History Rococo to Realism

2. Louis XIV September 1638 to September 1715 • This portrait of Louis 14th , done in oil on canvas is by Hyacinthe Rigaud and was painted in 1701

3. Louis XIV • Louis XIV (Louis 14) was also known as Louis the Great or The Sun King. • Began his rule in 1661 at age 23 and reigned for 72 years, dying four days before his 77th birthday

4. Palace of Versailles • Versailles is a huge palace about 20 kilometers southwest of Paris. When it was first built Versailles was a small country village. • There was already a chateau on the land built by his father as a hunting lodge, and Louis 14th used this building as a start and expanded this into one of the largest palaces in the world.

5. Palace of Versailles Detail from the painting by Pierre Patel of the Palace of Versailles circa 1668 (Versailles Museum). The château is depicted shortly after the completion of the first building campaign, before the addition of the enveloppe designed by Louis Le Vau.

6. Versailles • Louis 14th added huge gardens with ponds, sculptures and fountains. He also built an aviary for birds and a building for wild and domestic animals which was called The Menagerie of Versailles.

7. Palace of Versailles • Louis 14th moved his court (which was almost 4000 people) to Versailles in 1682 • Video of the development of Versailles: http://www.versailles3d.com/en/in-video/from-louis-xiii-to-the-french-revolution.html

8. Versailles • Hall of Mirrors

9. Baroque • Furniture was large, heavy, covered with gold (gilded) and impressive in appearance

10. Fashion today • Baroque styles still influence art and fashion today Alexander McQueen Fall/Winter 2013-14 Dolce&Gabbana Fall/winter 2013-14

11. Contrast in wealth in the mid 1600s La Nain (French) Peasant Meal 1650 Louis XIV 1673 Claude Lefèbvre  - Les collections du château de Versailles

12. Most people lived less well than the Royalty and Nobility did. • These paintings shows the contrast of the lives of the average person during this time to the affluence of the court. By one of the Le Nain brothers, (French artists, Antoine Le Nain (c.1599-1648), Louis Le Nain (c.1593-1648), and Mathieu Le Nain (1607–1677).  Peasant Family at Home  Flute music Gabriël Metsu (1629–1667)

13. Contrast in wealth today • Many historians use the French revolution and contrast in wealth as a way to understand discontent and revolution today

14. Tourists today see Versailles as a major destination • There are guided tours of the Versailles Palace and the King's and Queen's State Apartments and the Hall of Mirrors. • Group tours usually cost about 30 euros. • Other tour companies have private tours which cost about $350 Canadian

15. Louis XV February 1710 to May 1774 • Louis 15th was the great-grandson of Louis 14th. He succeeded Louis XIV in 1715 when he was just 5 years old as all the other heirs to the throne had predeceased Louis 14th. • The country was actually ruled by Phillipe II, Duke of Orleans, his great-uncle, until 1723 when Louis 15th reached adulthood. Louis XV by Hyacinthe Rigaud in 1730

16. Madame de Pompadour • Madame de Pompadour, Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, was one of many of Louis 15th’s mistresses. • She supported the arts, and helped advance the interest in porcelain, furniture and design.

17. Louis 15th • Louis 15th. The furniture and design of this time is referred to as Rococo (or Roccoco) . • The word Rococo is seen as a combination of the French rocaille (stone) and coquilles (shell), due to reliance on these objects as decorative motifs. • It was still very ornate, however the lines of furniture were softer and curved, and smaller scale. The influence of the women in his court was seen in art as well as furnishings

18. Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732–1806) • French Rococo painting in general was characterized by easygoing, lighthearted treatments of mythological and courtship themes, rich and delicate brushwork, a relatively light tonal key, and sensuous colouring.  http://www.britannica.com • Ignoring the growing signs of unrest that lead to the French revolution, the upper class continued to devote their lives to pleasure. • The Swing 1767, Fragonard

19. Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684–1721) • Jean-Antoine Watteau. Many commentators note that it depicts a departure from the island of Cythera, the birthplace of Venus, thus symbolizing the brevity of love. The Embarkation for Cythera, 1717, Louvre. Jean-Antoine Watteau.

20. Embarkation • This painting has been titled Embarkation for Cythera. Art historians suggest it should be “departure from” as the figures are leaving the mythical island. • The young aristocrats are sadly leaving the legendary island of romance, and it hints at the temporary nature of happiness. • It was painted before the French Revolution

21. Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin (1699–1779) • Chardin painted day-to-day scenes The Attentive Nurse 1747 Still Life With Rib of Beef 1739

22. Everyday items today • Mary Pratt is a Canadian artist who was born in 1935. She lives in St. John’s, Newfoundland Eggs in an Egg Crate, 1975

23. William Hogarth10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) • The Marriage Settlement is the first in the series of six satirical paintings known as Marriage à-la-mode painted by British artist William Hogarth between 1743 and 1745. • Satire: the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices

24. Marriage a la mode • The future bride and groom have their backs to one another, and the lawyer flirts with the young girl. The father examines the marriage contract, eager to have his daughter married into a wealthy family. • Hogarth’s paintings often exposed the immoral conditions and foolish customs of the time. He was more interested in painting the common people than painting portraits for wealthy patrons

25. Sir Christopher Wren1632 - 1723 • Sir Christopher Wren was one of the most famous architects. He built St Paul’s Cathedral, after the Great Fire of London in 1666. • The fire burned for four days and destroyed 89 churches and a large number of public buildings as well as over 14,000 homes.

26. Lady Elizabeth Hamilton • Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792) • 1758 • Oil on canvas • National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC

27. Thomas Gainsborough: (1727–1788) • This painting was painted in response to an argument between Reynolds and Gainsborough about using warm versus cool colours in the foregrounds and backgrounds in their portraits The Blue Boy c. 1770

28. Francisco Goya Spanish Rococo Art • Duchess of Alba • Goya was completely captivated by this wealthy, celebrated and controversial woman. • She embarrassed the Queen by having spies find out what the Queen was going to wear to a ball the Duchess was holding, then had copies made for all her servant girls to wear when she arrived.

29. Duchess of Alba • The rings she wears on her hand have both her name and Goya’s inscribed • The Duchess turned her attention to other men, however Goya never forgot her. • The word Solo (only) is written in the sand before the artist’s name

30. Francisco Goya • Goya was in Madrid, Spain when the French invaded Spain. • This painting commemorates the uprising of the Spanish people against the French invaders. The French troops executed the Spanish prisoners they took the next morning. • War to Goya, was not heroic, rather meant only death and destruction and his painting captures the drama of the event. The Third of May, 1808 Painted in 1814, Goya, Oil on canvas

31. Francisco Goya • The Giant • Circa: 1810 – 1880 • Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY

32. Goya • Goya was an artist who is considered to have linked the past with the art of the present. By using his own visions and dreams as the inspiration for his art he opened the doors for other artists to be no longer bound by tradition. • His work ranged from the courtly Rococo style to a more realistic style, and then reflected his own imagination. The Giant, 1818 Goya, Burnished Aquatint

33. Louis XVI – Neoclassic style • Louis 16th • Neoclassic • Video for French revolution: http://www.biography.com/people/louis-xvi-9386943 Antoine-François Callet (1741–1823, Paris)

34. Marie Antoinette • This 1783 painting of Marie Antoinette is one of over 30 paintings of her done by Louise ÉlisabethVigée Le Brun. (1755–1842) • She fled France after the Royal family was arrested during the French Revolution

35. Marie Antoinette • Joseph, Baron Ducreux (June 26, 1735 – July 24, 1802) Joseph, Baron Ducreux  (June 26, 1735 – July 24, 1802)

36. Neoclassical style • With the excavation of Pompeii and Herculaneum people showed an increasing interest in Greco-Roman design. • Details were based on archeological finds and influenced art, architecture and furniture designs.

37. Influences today • The neoclassic style still influences furniture design today

38. Artists - Jacques-Louis David. • He started painting in the neo-classical style. The images were heavily influenced by ancient Greek and Roman art. • David later became a supporter of the French Revolution The Death of Socrates (1787) Metropolitan Museum of the Arts, NY

39. French Revolution - 1789 to 1799 • Started with the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 • Most of the royalty and nobility were executed by guillotine "Liberty leading the People" by Eugène Delacroix

40. The influence of the revolution on America • Lady Liberty in Delacroix’s painting was later the model for the Statue of Liberty "Liberty leading the People" by Eugène Delacroix

41. Jacques-Louis David • A republic was declared in 1792, however the rule of the country had been unstable and in place of the monarchy there had been several governments in place including a period called “The Reign of Terror” ruled by  Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobeans. • Jean-Paul Marat was a radical Jacobean politician and journalist and voice of the French revolution. He was assassinated in 1793. He became seen as a revolutionary martyr. Jacques-Louis David : "The Death of Marat”, 1793. Brussels, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium

42. Portraits are often used symbolically • When we look at a portrait we are given a great deal of information to direct us in our interpretation of that person’s status, intellect, power, wealth, and influence and emotional state. • We look at the setting, the pose, the things that person holds or has around them, the time of day and the clothes they wear. • The style of painting, colours and the mood of the painting will affect how we see that person. • There may be symbols of mythology or ancient civilizations which will connect them to the values of that time period Frida Kahlo Self Portrait with Monkey 1940

43. Jean Chretien Official portrait According to Elizabeth Legge, Chair of the Department of Art at the University of Toronto: “He is looking world-weary, and very sharp. He looks like someone who doesn’t miss much.” Mr William Huffman: • Bright yellow background symbolizing light, power and the sun, The portrait “pops”; it is bold and eye-catching. • He is standing, not sitting, symbolizing action, looking as if he has just been interrupted – he looks directly at you • He is holding his glasses – a symbol of intelligence or academia • His pose is casual and contemplative

44. Napoleon Bonaparte • Napoleon lead a coup in 1799 against the “Directory” which is often considered as the end of the French Revolution. • This painting, Napoleon in his Study, 1812, was painted by Jacques-Louis David

45. Propaganda • Propaganda: Information or ideas purposefully spread to promote or injure a cause. The painting by Jacques-Louis David presents Napoleon as a Romantic brave hero. Napoleon Crossing the Alps. Romantic version by Jacques-Louis David in 1805 Bonaparte Crossing the Alps. Realist version by Paul Delaroche in 1848

46. The Romantics- Théodore Géricault(1791–1824). • Raft of the Medusa • Shows the wreck of a French frigate, Medusa, off the coast of Senegal in July 1816. The When it was certain that the ship with over 150 soldiers on board was going to sink, the crew and passengers were placed on a raft and towed by the officers. Later it was claimed that the officers cut the raft adrift, concerned with their own survival. All but 15 died.

47. Eugène Delacroix (French, 1798–1863) • The Lion Hunt 1861 • In 1832, Delacroix made a lengthy trip to Morocco, Algeria, and Spain that provided lasting inspiration for his work. • This painting is now in The Museum for Fine Arts in Boston

48. Delacroix • Glowing colours and swirling action are marks of Delacroix’s style. • His work was disliked by Ingres and his neo-classical followers • It was described as violent, crude, rough and unfinished. • Unlike Ingres who drew an outline first, Delacroix started in the centre of the painting and worked outwards. Colour was the most important element, and he used patches of colour side by side rather than blending them together.

49. John Constable • Wivenhoe Park, Essex, 1816

50. John Constable • John Constable was a British landscape painter. He liked to capture the effect of the warmth and light of sunlight, the coolness of shadows and the motion of clouds and rain. • Wivenhoe Park is a commissioned painting. John Constable had to add pieces of canvas to his painting as he had not included all the things the landowner wanted in it. The Dell at Helmingham Park, 1830