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ARAB-ISRAELI WARS and QUEST FOR PEACE

ARAB-ISRAELI WARS and QUEST FOR PEACE. ARAB-ISRAELI WARS. 1 . May-June and July-December 1948 Israel vs. Egypt-Jordan-Syria-Lebanon-Iraq 2 . October-November 1956 Egypt vs. Israel-France-Britain 3 . June 1967 Israel vs. Egypt-Jordan-Syria 4 . October 1973 Israel vs. Egypt-Syria.

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ARAB-ISRAELI WARS and QUEST FOR PEACE

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  1. ARAB-ISRAELI WARS and QUEST FOR PEACE

  2. ARAB-ISRAELI WARS 1. May-June and July-December 1948 Israel vs. Egypt-Jordan-Syria-Lebanon-Iraq 2. October-November 1956 Egypt vs. Israel-France-Britain 3. June 1967 Israel vs. Egypt-Jordan-Syria 4. October 1973 Israel vs. Egypt-Syria

  3. ARAB-ISRAELI WARS 5. March 1978 Israel vs. PLO 6. June 1982 - June 1985 Israel-Christian Lebanese vs. PLO-Syria (briefly)

  4. ARAB-ISRAELI WARS 7. July 1993 Israel vs. Hizbullah 8. April 1996 Israel vs. Hizbullah OperationGrapes of Wrath 9. July-September 2006 Israel vs. Hizbullah

  5. ARAB-ISRAELI WARS 10. December 2008 – June 2009 Israel vs. Hamas Operation Cast Lead

  6. GULF WARS 1. September 1980-August 1988 Iraq vs. Iran 2. August 1990- March 1991 Iraq vs. Kuwait 3. March – April 2003 Iraq vs. US Coalition

  7. United NationsPartition Plan, November 29, 1947

  8. The Suez Crisis

  9. The Results of the 1973 War, October 6-24

  10. Peace Efforts in the Middle East 1949 – Armistices and Res. 194 1956 – UNEF and withdrawal of occupyingforces from Egypt 1967 – Resolution 242 1979 – Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty 1980s – Multitude of Peace Plans 1991 – Madrid Summit and Multilaterals

  11. Peace Efforts in the Middle East 1993 – Oslo Accords 1994 – Jordanian-Israeli Peace Treaty 2000 – Collapse of Oslo Process 2003 – Road Map and the Quartet 2007 - Annapolis 2010 – Obama and Peace Efforts

  12. UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 242 Expressingitscontinuingconcernwiththegravesituation in theMiddle East, Emphasizingtheinadmissibility of theacquisition of territorybywarandtheneedtoworkfor a justandlastingpeace in whicheveryState in thearea can live in security, EmphasizingfurtherthatallMemberStates in theiracceptance of the Charter of the United Nationshaveundertaken a commitmenttoact in accordancewithArticle 2 of the Charter,

  13. UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 242 1. Affirmsthatthefulfillment of Charter principlesrequirestheestablishment of a justandlastingpeace in theMiddle East whichshouldincludetheapplication of boththefollowingprinciples: • Withdrawal of Israeliarmedforcesfromterritoriesoccupied in therecentconflict; • Termination of allclaimsorstates of belligerencyandrespectforandacknowledgement of thesovereignty, territorialintegrityandpoliticalindependence of everyState in theareaandtheirrighttolive in peacewithinsecureandrecognizedboundariesfreefromthreatsoracts of force;

  14. UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 242 2. Affirms further the necessity • For guaranteeing freedom of navigation through international waterways in the area; • For achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem; • For guaranteeing the territorial inviolability and political independence of every State in the area, through measures including the establishment of demilitarized zones;

  15. UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 242 3. RequeststheSecretary General todesignate a SpecialRepresentativetoproceedtotheMiddle East toestablishandmaintaincontactswiththeStatesconcerned in ordertopromoteagreementandassisteffortstoachieve a peacefulandacceptedsettlement in accordancewiththeprovisionsandprinciples in thisresolution; 4. RequeststheSecretary-General toreporttotheSecurityCouncil on theprogress of theefforts of theSpecialRepresentative as soon as possible.

  16. The Path to the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty • Kissinger “shuttle diplomacy” and Sinai disengagement agreements 1974 and 1975 • Sadat visit Jerusalem and speaks at the Knesset Nove. 1977 • 18 months of intense negotiations led by Carter • Camp David Accords Sept. 1978 • Framework to conclude peace treaty • Framework for peace in the Middle East

  17. Basic terms of the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty • Mutual recognition of both states • Complete withdrawal from the Sinai • Demilitarization of the Sinai and eventual deployment of “multi-national forces”. • Free passage for Israeli shipping through the Suez Canal • Straits of Tiran and Aqaba to be considered international waterways

  18. Withdrawal From Sinai Following the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty

  19. Consequences of the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty • Egytpian of Arab League membership suspended 1979-1989 • Fueled radical Islam • Sadat assassinated Oct. 1981 • Egypt and Israel received massive financial and military aid (Egypt 38 bn. USD 1978-2000). • Palestinian dimension never really addressed • Rise of Saddam Hussein’s Pan-Arab aspirations

  20. Oslo AccordsIsrael-PLO Declaration of Principles of Interim Self-Government Agreement, September 1993 Objective: Create a peace process to achieve incrementally a final settlement by 1999 Main dates and features: 1st stage: Sept. 1993 – Summer 1994 Palestinian Authority established in the Gaza Strip and Jericho, May 1994

  21. Oslo Accords 2nd stage: Summer 1994 – May 1995 Israeli withdrawal from West Bank towns, Palestinian elections to choose president and Legislative council and amend PLO Charter. Elections only in January 1996

  22. Oslo Accords 3rd stage: Final status negotiations May 1996 to May 1999 Issue of final borders, Jewish settlements, Status of the city of Jerusalem, Return of refugees, Conclude peace treaty

  23. The Oslo Accords: Areas A, B, and C Within the West Bank

  24. Collapse of Oslo and subsequent efforts • The second intifadah, September 2000 • Violence (suicide bombings and rockets) and growth of settlements • April 2003 Road map, to break cycle of violence • Arafat dies 2004, Abbas elected 2005, Hamas wins legislative elections June 2006) • More violence including intra-Palestinian • Annapolis – two state solution • September 2010 US led direct talks

  25. Challenges • Divided Palestinians • Jewish settlements (from 10,600 in 1972 to 441,000 in 2004 and 517,000 in 2009) • West Bank separation wall (started in 2006) • One state vs. two state vs. no state • Right wing and religious nationalism • Economic and social state of West Bank/Gaza Strip

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