Regulation of Calvin cycle

1. Regulation of Calvin cycle Rubisco is a prime target for regulation

2. Activation of rubisco by carbamate

3. Rubisco is activated by carbamylation CO2 concentration? pH? Alkaline pH favors Mg2+ concentration?

4. Stroma pH And Mg2+ conditions regulate stromal FBP-1 high light Activation of Rubisco fig20-34

5. Redox regulation of Calvin cycle with Thioredox: Activation of enzymes by regulating redox states of a disulfide bond

6. enz activity Th-SH high light redox regulation of Calvin cycle enzymes via thioredoxin fig20-36

7. Coordination of the light and dark reactions Light reactions Electron transfer Reduced ferrodoxin Thioredoxin Regulatory disulfide bonds in Calvin cycle enzymes Dark reactions

8. Coordination of the light and dark reactions Light reactions Electron transfer pH Mg2+ Reduced ferrodoxin Thioredoxin Regulatory disulfide bonds in Calvin cycle enzymes Dark reactions

9. Fat Metabolism

10. Americans are getting fatter, so do the people in other developed countries

11. Triacylglycerol: Fatty acids and glycerol Also called triglycerides or neutral fats Fatty acids

12. Various lipids

13. Dietary fats form micelles with the help of Bile salts

14. Lipases release fatty acids and monoacylglycerol

15. Transport lipids in Chylomicrons

16. from McDonalds to Metabolism…

17. Summary of dietary lipids processing

18. Molecular structure of Chylomicrons

19. Mobilization of the stored Triacylglycerol in adipose tissue

20. Transport fatty acids from adipose tissue to muscle or other tissue Serum albumin

21. Fatty acids and glycerol are the products from lipase cleavage

22. Fate of glycerol

23. Physiological roles for fatty acids Building blocks for phosphalipis and glycolipids Covalent modification of proteins Fuel Precursor for hormones and signaling molecules

24. Fatty acids are oxidized in matrix of mitochondria Activation and transport fatty acids to mitochondria Three enzymatic reactions: Acyl CoA synthetase Carnitine acyl transferase I Carnitine acyl transferase II

25. Activates fatty acid to form Acyl CoA Driving by hydrolysis of pyrophosphate

26. Transport Fatty acids into mitochondria Carnitine acyltransferase I Carnitine acyltransferase II

27. Formation of Acyl carnitine

28. Normally, the transfer of an acyl group from an alcohol to sulfhyfryl group is thermodynamically unfavorable

31. Four basic steps in b-oxidation

32. Recurring metabolic motifs

33. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase: an enzyme similar to succinate dehydrogenase The enzyme is located on the inner membrane The product is always trans

34. Complex II succinate dehydrogenase Electron-transferring flavoprotein fig19-8

35. Enoyl-CoA hydratase: similar to fumarase Always L configuration

36. B-hydroxyl-CoA dehydrogenase: similar to malate dehydrogenase Only use L type of substrate

37. Thiolase

39. b-oxidation challenges monounsaturated FA polyunsaturated FA odd-carbon FA

40. An isomerase is needed for unsaturated

41. b-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids fig17-10

42. b-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids fig17-10

43. A reductase and an isomerase

44. Odd-chain fatty acids yield propionyl CoA Propionyl CoA carboxylase: biotin Mutase

45. the coenzyme B12 reaction box17-2

46. Ketosis and ketone bodies

47. Synthesis of ketone bodies

48. Ketone bodies can be regarded as a water-soluble, transportable form of acetyl units, provide alternative fuels Ketone bodies are produced in liver and are a major source of energy for some tissues

49. From ketone bodies to acetyl CoA