Chapter 14: An Introduction to Homeland Security

1. Chapter 14: An Introduction to Homeland Security

2. Defining Homeland Security • Searching for Defined Roles • While not completely defined, agencies have made progress over the last few years, especially in the area of information sharing and cooperation. • The reason for the confusion about policy: America had no common definition of homeland security • The new Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was responsible for protecting the borders and the country’s interior. • A host of private businesses, nonprofit organizations, and health care systems were involved in security efforts.

3. Defining Homeland Security • Keeping the country safe • Agencies are beginning to understand their roles and the concept of homeland security. • Homeland security protects lives, property, and infrastructure. • Divided into three functions: • preventing terrorism • responding to attacks • providing technical support to local agencies • Critics maintain that confusion remains and that the country is not prepared.

4. Security Missions • The policy guiding homeland security has not been fully developed. • Executives are not quite sure of the way that all the missions of various agencies fit together. • Homeland security involves civil defense. • Homeland security is much more than the sum of agencies charged with protecting the United States. • A major portion of security is a civic responsibility.

5. Agencies Charged with Preventing and Interdicting Terrorism • The Department of Homeland Security • Created from the Office of Homeland Security in 2003 as a direct result of the 9-11 attacks. • Has several different missions. • Many DHS agencies are involved in intelligence. • Office of Intelligence and Analysis coordinates these efforts. • Many DHS employees are employed in law enforcement tasks. • They have arrest powers. • The are trained in the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC).

6. Agencies Charged with Preventing and Interdicting Terrorism • The Department of Justice • DOJ maintains several functions in the realm of terrorism and the most noted agency is the FBI. • The Department of Justice is involved in other areas. • The U.S. Marshall’s Service • The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF)

7. Agencies Charged with Preventing and Interdicting Terrorism • The Department of Defense • In time of war, the military organizations in the Department of Defense (DOD) play the leading role. • DOD operates the United States Northern Command for the purpose of homeland security. • In times of emergency military forces can provide much needed assistance to local units of government.

8. Agencies Charged with Preventing and Interdicting Terrorism • The Intelligence Community • Underwent massive changes after 9-11 and the failure to find WMD after the invasion of Iraq. • The purpose of the ODNI: • To unite America’s national security intelligence under one umbrella. • To coordinate information from national security and military intelligence. • To run intelligence operations from the Department of State. • To incorporate federal law enforcement intelligence under its umbrella.

9. Agencies Charged with Preventing and Interdicting Terrorism • State, Local, and Tribal Enforcement • Collect tactical intelligence for the prevention of terrorism and other crimes. • Utilize intelligence for planning and the deployment of resources. • Enhance counterterrorism efforts through the information sharing. • When it comes to terrorism, state, local, and tribal agencies are crucial to homeland security.

10. Rethinking Conflict • Networks and Law Enforcement • Homeland security is more than counterterrorism. • Law enforcement has a major role in stopping international networks that wage modern conflict. • The primary job of law enforcement in preventing terrorism is to stop criminal activity within networks. • Arquilla and Ronfeldt: five factors must be in place for networks to operate. • Technology • Social support • Narrative • Organizational structure • Tactical doctrine

11. Rethinking Conflict • Rethinking conflict: • Networks have changed the tactical structure of conflict. • The principles of conflict remain the same. • Terrorist group have to have a structure units for operations. • Terrorists have to effectively communicate with one another. • Terrorists must: • Move material • Seize and maintain the initiative • Sass at the enemy’s weak point • Psychologically convince the enemy that there is no point in fighting • The rule set has changed; not the nature of war.

12. Blurring War and Peace • Blurring War and Peace • The practice of terrorism has blurred the distinction between war and peace. • The Constitution states that only Congress has the power to declare war. • Terrorism is changing the nature of conflict. • Law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections joined in the battle, even though they are not constitutionally associated with military power.

13. Networks and Classical Theories of Conflict • Carl von Clausewitz • Prussian general and military philosopher • Studied the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) and Frederick the Great (1740 –1786). • Joined the Russian Army in 1812 to fight Napoleon and the German War of Liberation. • Emphasized that the purpose of military action is to seek a decisive engagement. • Terrorism, however, is designed to produce the opposite effect, seeking to avoid direct confrontation with force.

14. Networks and Classical Theories of Conflict • American law enforcement • Does not seek a decisive battle with enemy forces. • Its purpose can never be the imposition of political will. • Will be involved in combating terrorism. • Because the goals of terrorism are to create panic and cause social systems to break. • Sun Tzu, a Chinese philosopher • Produced a treatise on the paradoxes of war. • War and politics were psychological forces held together by the belief in power. • Concept of strength-to-weakness • In modern military parlance this is called asymmetry. • It means competing forces are out of balance, a weak force fights a much stronger power.

15. Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Different Worlds • Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Different Worlds • Indicated that America was vulnerable to attack • Occurred with no formal declaration of war • Involved civilian casualties • The purpose of the Japanese surprise attack was to destroy U.S. military capabilities in the Pacific • The purposes of the September 11 terrorists were • To temporarily destroy America’s capacity to wage war • To achieve political objectives with military might • To negotiate a truce from a position of strength • To create drama and fear • To persuade Western institutions to change their behavior • To attack globalization

16. Operating Deeply in Our Society • Arthur Cebrowski the U.S. armed forces need to: • Develop the ability to operate “deeply” in society • Fully understand, accept, and defend America with a complete comprehension of American culture combined with the willingness to completely understand any enemy society in depth • Create a new defense culture that permeates all levels of society and that breaks down barriers between organizations • Martin van Creveld: • A war for existence changes the nature of conflict because the strategic rules of war and the rational extension of policy are thrown out the window. • If military forces approach homeland security as a continuation of national policy, they will bring the wrong weapons to the wrong war.

17. Building Intelligence Systems • The Intelligence Process • Police intelligence systems can be modeled after academic research • Involves general information about a subject and its sub-disciplines • Involves gathering basic information about a target and real-time information about current activities • Involves collecting, analyzing, and forwarding information • National Security and Criminal Intelligence • In network-to-network conflict, bureaucracies should not change their role. • Each organization in a network has its own function. • The key to success in a network is sharing information.

18. Building Intelligence Systems • National security intelligence • Gathered to defend the nation • Is not used in criminal prosecutions • Is not subject to legal scrutiny • Criminal intelligence • Gathered by law enforcement and prosecuting attorneys • Cannot be gathered, analyzed, or stored without reason to believe that a crime is about to or has taken place • Law enforcement should plan and develop two channels for information • Aimed at law enforcement intelligence • Prepared to pass information along to defense sources

19. Building Intelligence Systems • A Checkered Past • Law enforcement and national defense intelligence came under difficult times during the administration of President Jimmy Carter. • The president tried to correct the abuse of power and end the scandal of using covert operations against American citizens. • The USA Patriot Act increases the ability of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to share information. • The abuses of the past cannot be repeated if police agencies want to develop effective intelligence systems.

20. Building Intelligence Systems • The New Jersey Intelligence System • The NJSP Intelligence Service Section is made up of three main divisions. • The Intelligence Bureau, composed of six units: • The Analytical Unit • The Casino Intelligence Unit • The Electronic Surveillance Unit • The Liaison Computerized Services Unit • The Services Unit • The Street Gang Unit • The Central Security Unit • The Solid Waste Unit

21. Building Intelligence Systems • The California Intelligence System • The center linked federal, state, and local information services in one system and divided operational zones into five administrative areas. • Trained intelligence analysts operated within civil rights guidelines and utilized information in a secure communications system. • It combined intelligence • Gathered by computers and other automated devices • Gathered from a variety of police agencies • California created new systems under the tight control of regional law enforcement agencies and in partnership with four regional Joint Terrorism Task Forces.

22. Building Intelligence Systems • The NYPD Intelligence System • Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly created two new units: • One for counterterrorism and • One for intelligence • Kelly stated that he wanted the NYPD to do a better job of intelligence analysis and to work more closely with the federal government.

23. Building Intelligence Systems • US Attorneys and the JTTFs • The DOJ has created two intelligence systems • One in federal prosecutors’ offices • The other in law enforcement • Each U.S. Attorney’s office has an Anti-Terrorist Assistance Coordinator (ATAC) • Coordinate the collection of criminal intelligence • To share intelligence among federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies • That hold security clearances • Each Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) is made up of: • Officers from all levels of American law enforcement • Officers from a variety of different types of agencies • Agents that received a national security intelligence clearance

24. Building Intelligence Systems • Plans, Networks, and Fusion Centers • The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP) • Created by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and the Department of Justice • The purpose of the plan: • To establish norms for collecting, analyzing, and storing criminal intelligence within legal guidelines. • To suggest manners in which information could be shared among agencies

25. Issues in Homeland Security • Criminal intelligence networks in operation after 9-11: • The Regional Information Sharing System (RISS) • The Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange (ATIX) • FBI’s Law Enforcement Online (LEO) • The Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit (LEIU) • The Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN)

26. Law Enforcement’s Special Role • Law Enforcement’s Special Role • Responsible for breaking some of America’s most formidable terrorist cells. • If state and local agencies shift to offensive thinking and action, two results will inevitably develop: • Police contact with potential terrorists will increase. • Proactive measures demand increased intelligence gathering, and much of the information will have no relation to criminal activity. • Police intelligence operations and drug enforcement units can add counterterrorism to their agendas. • Patrol and investigative units can be trained to look for terrorist activities in the course of their normal duties.

27. The Role of Symbols and Structures • The Role of Symbols and Structures • Asymmetrical war is waged against symbolic targets • Homeland security is designed to secure symbols • Americans represent symbolic targets of military value • Styles of terrorism • Symbolic terrorism is a dramatic attack to show vulnerability. • Pragmatic terrorism involves a practical attempt to destroy political power. • Systematic terrorism is waged over a period of time to change social conditions. • Terrorists use symbolic attacks or attacks on symbols to achieve pragmatic or systematic results.

28. Creating a Culture of Information Sharing • The National Strategy for Homeland Security calls for increased information sharing among law enforcement agencies. • Intelligence is not properly analyzed, and agencies do not coordinate information. • Despite criticism, information sharing is growing into a law enforcement norm. • Police agencies should: • Adopt community policing strategies • Developed skills in problem solving • Build community partnerships • Gather and analyze the information needed to deal with crime and social problems in a local community

29. Intelligence and the 9-11 Commission Report • The 9-11 Commission Report suggested several reforms for restructuring government: • Focus on defense, intelligence, information sharing, homeland security, and law enforcement • The current position of Director of Central Intelligence should be replaced by a National Intelligence Director • Integrating the U.S. border security system into a larger network • The central question for criminal justice focuses on the role of law enforcement. • The question of balancing security with freedom is delicate, and the new intelligence infrastructure has not dealt with all the issues.