Presentation Transcript

1. Indian Education Pre-Civil War Post Civil War Pre-World War II Post-World War II
2. Indian Schools in Eastern US The U.S. Government established Choctaw Indian Academy at Blue Springs Farm, home of Vice President R. M. Johnson. First school for sons of Indian Chiefs.   Future leaders of many tribes were educated here.
3. Hamilton College, Clinton NY Hamilton College began as a school for Oneida by Samuel Kirkland, missionary to the Oneida Indians. Planned a school for the children of the Oneidas and of the white settlers, In 1793 the missionary presented his proposal to President George Washington in Philadelphia, who "expressed approbation," and to Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, who consented to be a trustee of the new school, to which he also lent his name. The Hamilton-Oneida Academy was chartered soon thereafter. On July 1, 1794, a delegation of Oneida Indians atttended building foundation by Baron von Steuben, inspector general of the Continental Army and "drillmaster" of Washington's troops during the War for Independence. The academy remained in existence for nearly 20 years. Never came to serve Samuel Kirkland's original purpose, which was to help the Oneidas adapt to a life in settled communities. In fact, few Oneidas came to attend the school, and its students were primarily the children of local white settlers.
4. Post-Civil War Richard Henry Pratt (1867-1875) in Indian Territory 10th Cavalry, commanding a unit of African American "Buffalo Soldiers" and Indian Scouts. Stationed at Ft. Sill, OK, 60 miles east Battle of the Washita where Black Kettle (Cheyenne) was killed in 1867. Participated in the many campaigns to keep the Indians on the reservations and away from the encroaching settlers. But Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors continued with their raiding parties in search of game and buffalo. Scant provisions and lack of supplies on the reservations made it impossible for the Indian people to thrive, forcing such raids.
5. Beginnings: Military Training April, 1875, US incarcerated 72 Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche and Caddo indians, in exile to St. Augustine, Florida. Hostages for good behavior of tribes Richard Henry Pratt as their jailer. shackled and transported by rail to Ft. Marion Prison Pratt removed the prisoners' shackles, cut their hair and issued them military uniforms. The Indians were expected to polish their buttons and shoes and clean and press their trousers. After a time, they were organized into companies and given instruction in military drill. Eventually, their military guards were dismissed and several of the most trusted Indian prisoners were chosen to serve as guards.
6. Carlisle Industrial Training Pratt opened Carlisle Industrial Training school on November 1, 1879. At Carlisle Pratt founded a multi-tribal, co-educational school that isolated the students from their tribal cultures and attempted to fully assimilate the students into a European lifestyle.
7. Indian Children at Carlisle
8. Indian Education: “Killing the Indian to Save the Man.”
9. Before and After = Acculturation Three Lakota boys on their arrival at the Carlisle Indian School, and after.
10. Yakima School, Washington
11. The question is often asked, What will your graduates do? (March 10, 1899 INDIAN HELPER) George Hazlett has departed for Hoopa Valley, California to be Disciplinarian; Sarah Williams a position in the Government school Lydia Gardner is attending High School at Landsdowne; Vincent Natailsh New York City to engage in business; SeichuAtsye training as a nurse; Nettie Buckles has entered Metzger College in town; Kendall Paul will enter the University of Philadelphia to take a course in shorthand and typewriting; Clara Price has a position at Standing Rock, Dakota; Jonas Mitchell has gone home to work at his blacksmithing trade.  Dollie Wheelock will take a course at Drexel Institute, Philadelphia; Louie McDonald will enter Commercial College in Carlisle; Robert Emmett has a position as printer; Stuart Hazlett enters a printing office near is home in Montana; T homasDenomie continues his studies in town; Chauncey Archiquette, Bertha Dye, Joseph Gouge and Christian Eastman went home; Electa Scott, Mary Moon, John Lemieux, Annie Gesis, Rose Duverney, Edward Peters, Olive Larch, Etta Catolst, Minnie Finley and Nettie Horne have gone to country homes to await developments and gain experiences they need;
12. Pre-Civil War to WWW II Goals Indian Assimilation Indians educated to trades (NOT to professional/university related skills) Indians educated to arts & crafts Why?
13. Revolt, November 9, 1969 Indian people came to Alcatraz Island when Richard Oakes, a Mohawk Indian, and a group of Indian supporters set out in a chartered boat, the Monte Cristo, to symbolically claim the island for the Indian people. On November 20, 1969, this symbolic occupation turned into a full scale occupation which lasted until June 11, 1971. 3 occupations of Federal Facility March 9, 1964, one on November 9, 1969, and the occupation which lasted nineteen months which began on the 20th of November, 1969. The November 9, 1969 occupation was planned by Richard Oakes, a group of Indian students, and a group of urban Indians from the Bay Area. They claimed the island in the name of Indians of all tribes and left the island to return later that same evening. In meetings following the November 9th occupation, Oakes and his fellow American Indian students realized that a prolonged occupation was possible. Oakes visited the American Indian Studies Center at UCLA where he recruited Indian students for what would become the longest prolonged occupation of a federal facility by Indian people to this very day. Eighty Indian students from UCLA were among the approximately 100 Indian people who occupied Alcatraz Island. It is important to remember that the occupation force was made up initially of young urban Indian college students. And the most inspirational person was Richard Oakes. Oakes is described by most of those as handsome, charismatic, a talented orator, and a natural leader.
14. Post 1960s On June 10, 1971, armed federal marshals, FBI agents, and special forces police swarmed the island and removed five women, four children, and six unarmed Indian men. The occupation was over.