Engineering & the Environment
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Presentation Transcript
Engineering & the Environment Lei Wang October 20, 2004 ECE 290 .
Outline • Introduction • Life Cycle Design • Design flow • Optimization model generation • Analysis of solution set • Conclusion • References
How Engineered Products Impact the Environment • Manufacture • Exhaustion of Raw Materials • Energy Use • Emissions • Product Use • Energy Use • Emissions • Product Disposal
Impact of Environmental issues on Engineering Decisions • Environmental regulations impose constraints on product designs and manufacturing processes • Environmental regulations impose costs which may affect engineering decisions • Competition • Green products
Design for Environment • Requirements for environment • use product longer • increase the amount of reuse • recycle materials • save energy • Customer satisfactions • quality • the latest technology • price that matches service
The Modern DfE Paradigm • Balance between environmental considerations and custom satisfactions • Reuse/recycling • Focus on all aspects of product life cycle • Lower environmental burden • A challenging and multi-objective optimization problem
Life Cycle Design (LCD) • Design of completely new products • Design for variety • e.g. Printers: • Color InkJet printers • Photo printers • Black & white LaserJet printers • Color LaserJet printers • Large format printers
Life Cycle Design Flow • Voice of customers • Existing product groups • Spatial or generational variety • Life cycle optimization • Product detail design
Design Optimization Model • Market Analysis • Design target definition • Quality function analysis • Value prediction of objectives • Problem formulation • Generation of solution set • Evaluation of solutions
Market Analysis • Market size and trend • Potential competitors • Cause of product variation • Potential customers and their preference
Design Problem Definition • How to satisfy the customers’ need? • In what degree does the current products need changing • Product upgrades are less intensive in terms of energy and materials
Problem Formulation • Life cycle variables • Life cycle modeling • Value prediction of parameters in life cycle models • Optimization algorithm selection
Life Cycle Variables, Parameters, and Constant • Life time (year) • Maintenance (yes/no and how to?) • Upgrade (yes/no) • Update time • End-of-life strategy (reuse/recycle)
Modeling of Objectives Obj(i) = fi(X1, X2, … Xn-1) • Energy consumption • Waste disposal • Function • Quality • Time to market • Availability
Product Data Prediction • Changes of user’s requirement • Changes of engineering metrics • Changes of modular or function • Estimation of values of parameters in LC models
Generation of Solution Set • Effect of changes in the values of parameters • Sensitivity analysis • Change of objectives’ priority • Range of variables
Service-Oriented Life Cycle Design • Shift from selling products to selling services • Improve products without increasing cost to customer • Company has complete access to components for reuse • e.g. Xerox – emphasis on selling “photocopier service” rather than photocopiers, IBM – grid computing
DfE Initiatives • Develop products with consideration for better function and service capability • Develop products with consideration of reuse and recycling • Develop products for safe disposal • Develop products using recycled materials when technically and economically viable • Develop products for improved energy efficiency or reduced consumption of energy
Conclusion • Environmental Considerations Impact Design by way of • Regulations • Customer preferences • DfE must enter the design process at the outset • DfE must consider entire product life cycle • Benchmarking is necessary to compare alternatives or evaluate progress
References • S. Yu, S. Kato, and F Kimura, “EcoDesign of Product Variety: A Multi-Objective Optimization Framework,” Proc. EcoDesign2001, Tokyo, 2001, pp.293-298. • H. Kobayashi and N. Fushiya, “Life Cycle Planning Methods for Environmentally Conscious Products,” Proc. ISEE, 87 (1999). • W. Knight, “Product Benchmarking Using DfE Analysis Tools,” Proc. ISEE, 92 (1999). • D. A. Ufford and W. J. Ward, “Next Generation Design for the Environment Paradigms,” Proc. ISEE, 204 (1999). • D. L. Thurston and W. F. Hoffman III, “Integrating Customer Preferences into Green Design and Manufacturing,” Proc. ISEE, 209 (1999). • T. A. Bhamra and S. Evans, “The Next Step in Ecodesign: Service-Oriented Life Cycle Design,” Proc. ISEE, 263 (1999).
