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Urban Ecologies. Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong http://team.bk.tudelft.nl/ >education. The ecologist’s view. Andrewartha (1961):Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms.
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Urban Ecologies Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong http://team.bk.tudelft.nl/ >education
The ecologist’s view • Andrewartha (1961):Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms. • Krebs, C.J. (1972, 1992): Ecology is the scientific study of the the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms. • Begon; Harper; Townsend (2005): Ecology is the scientific study of the the interactions that determine thedistribution and abundanceof organisms, populations and communities.
Alternatives of form: states of dispersion at one level of scale
Types of ecology decreasing human centred approach
A paradox of scale One species, perhaps counting 80% ‘unhealthy’ specimens, is healthy enough to oust 1000 other species on 1 new species by evolution per year. Which risk do we count?
18 kinds of technical environments Environment is the set conditions for life
Agricultural surface/person New area by climate change?
Climate change The winners are Canada and Russia
Yield per hectare phosphate shortage?
Dose-impact relationof SO2 on a range of metal constructions in the Netherlands (1978) 9 y = 0.0015x 1.887 8 R 2 = 0.9968 7 6 5 Euro damage per inhabitant per year 4 3 2 1 0 0 50 100 kg SO2/inhabitant
Environmental standards STANDARDS, applied to: the source the emission the dispersing medium the object product standards emission standards quality standards exposure and immission processing standards emission ceilings standards EXAMPLES OF NON-NUMERICAL STANDARDS (‘Policy starting-points’) ‘Avoiding at the source’ (of ‘Combating at the source’ ‘standstill’ principle ‘no effect’ the emission) (of the emission) ‘Best technical means’ ‘no adverse effect’ ‘Most practical means’ EXAMPLES OF NUMERICAL STANDARDS Lead content of petrol max. 99.2 metric ton CO average % of oxygen in the waters EPEL value 2 per year in the Netherlands Main strategy: from impact~ into source directed standards
Remaining impact-orientated policy Zoning Heritages from the past Source directed measures not in time Being prepared on disasters Possible shortcomings of source directed measures
National environmental policy Core aim: The preservation of carrying capacity for the benefit of ‘sustainable development’. (A development meeting the needs of the current generation without endangering the possibility of future generations to meet their needs.)
Environmental problems GLOBAL Ozone layer Climate change REGIONAL Accumulation Overfertilization Pesticides Heavy metals Removal Soil pollution Drying out CONTINENTAL Cross-border air pollution Ozone onlow level Acidification Wintersmog Heavy metals FLUVIAL Rivers Regional waters Salt waters Waterbottoms LOCAL Noise nuisance Smell nuisance Air pollution in the city Interior environment
Elaboration targets into standards Global Continental Conditions Fluvial Values RegionalTargets LocalStandards
Types of ecology decreasing human centred approach
Autecology:population and habitat Gadwall duck (krakeend) 04 Garland Weed Class (eendekroosklasse)
Types of ecology decreasing human centred approach
Synecology:life community and biotope Klasse Orde Verbond Associatie Subassociatie
Symbiosis Tyria jacobaeae and common ragwort
Breeding and host plant water dock (waterzuring) V18,V19 large copper butterfy(grote vuurvlinder) loosestrife (kattestaart) R27,R28, H27,H28,V17
12 Weegbree-klasse Alterra CONCEPT Alterra
Types of ecology decreasing human centred approach
Gradients (Van Leeuwen) Disturbance (limes convergens) Gradient (limes divergens)
Types of ecology decreasing human centred approach