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Urban Ecologies

Urban Ecologies. Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong http://team.bk.tudelft.nl/ >education. The ecologist’s view. Andrewartha (1961):Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms.

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Urban Ecologies

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  1. Urban Ecologies Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong http://team.bk.tudelft.nl/ >education

  2. The ecologist’s view • Andrewartha (1961):Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms. • Krebs, C.J. (1972, 1992): Ecology is the scientific study of the the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms. • Begon; Harper; Townsend (2005): Ecology is the scientific study of the the interactions that determine thedistribution and abundanceof organisms, populations and communities.

  3. The designers view: state of dispersion(form)

  4. Alternatives of form: states of dispersion at one level of scale

  5. States of dispersionat different levels of scale

  6. Built and open space

  7. Possibilities for nature (H+N+S)

  8. Possibilities for recreation (H+N+S)

  9. Types of ecology decreasing human centred approach

  10. A paradox of scale One species, perhaps counting 80% ‘unhealthy’ specimens, is healthy enough to oust 1000 other species on 1 new species by evolution per year. Which risk do we count?

  11. Definitions of environment

  12. 18 kinds of technical environments Environment is the set conditions for life

  13. World population

  14. Agricultural surface

  15. Agricultural surface/person New area by climate change?

  16. Climate change The winners are Canada and Russia

  17. Yield per hectare phosphate shortage?

  18. Chains of impacts

  19. Sources

  20. Emissions

  21. Exposure

  22. Dose-impact relationof SO2 on a range of metal constructions in the Netherlands (1978) 9 y = 0.0015x 1.887 8 R 2 = 0.9968 7 6 5 Euro damage per inhabitant per year 4 3 2 1 0 0 50 100 kg SO2/inhabitant

  23. Dose-impact relationon organisms

  24. Toxicology

  25. Costs of damage and quality

  26. Environmental standards STANDARDS, applied to: the source the emission the dispersing medium the object product standards emission standards quality standards exposure and immission processing standards emission ceilings standards EXAMPLES OF NON-NUMERICAL STANDARDS (‘Policy starting-points’) ‘Avoiding at the source’ (of ‘Combating at the source’ ‘standstill’ principle ‘no effect’ the emission) (of the emission) ‘Best technical means’ ‘no adverse effect’ ‘Most practical means’ EXAMPLES OF NUMERICAL STANDARDS Lead content of petrol max. 99.2 metric ton CO average % of oxygen in the waters EPEL value 2 per year in the Netherlands Main strategy: from impact~ into source directed standards

  27. Remaining impact-orientated policy Zoning Heritages from the past Source directed measures not in time Being prepared on disasters Possible shortcomings of source directed measures

  28. Zones around activities

  29. Zones around installations

  30. Target and intervention values

  31. Pollutants with priority

  32. From impact-into source-oriented policy

  33. Targets:1% of maximally acceptable

  34. National environmental policy Core aim: The preservation of carrying capacity for the benefit of ‘sustainable development’. (A development meeting the needs of the current generation without endangering the possibility of future generations to meet their needs.)

  35. Environmental problems GLOBAL Ozone layer Climate change REGIONAL Accumulation Overfertilization Pesticides Heavy metals Removal Soil pollution Drying out CONTINENTAL Cross-border air pollution Ozone onlow level Acidification Wintersmog Heavy metals FLUVIAL Rivers Regional waters Salt waters Waterbottoms LOCAL Noise nuisance Smell nuisance Air pollution in the city Interior environment

  36. Elaboration targets into standards Global Continental Conditions Fluvial Values RegionalTargets LocalStandards

  37. Types of ecology decreasing human centred approach

  38. Autecology:population and habitat Gadwall duck (krakeend) 04 Garland Weed Class (eendekroosklasse)

  39. Types of ecology decreasing human centred approach

  40. Synecology:life community and biotope Klasse Orde Verbond Associatie Subassociatie

  41. Symbiosis Tyria jacobaeae and common ragwort

  42. Breeding and host plant water dock (waterzuring) V18,V19 large copper butterfy(grote vuurvlinder) loosestrife (kattestaart) R27,R28, H27,H28,V17

  43. 12 Weegbree-klasse Alterra CONCEPT Alterra

  44. 42 Voedselarme eiken-beukenbossen-klasse

  45. Types of ecology decreasing human centred approach

  46. Cybernetic variation

  47. Gradients (Van Leeuwen) Disturbance (limes convergens) Gradient (limes divergens)

  48. Ecologicaltolerance

  49. Gradient map

  50. Types of ecology decreasing human centred approach

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