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Io – Priestess of Hera – seduced by Zeus

Europa – a noble Phoenician descended from Io – abducted by Zeus in the form of a white bull and taken to Crete.

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Io – Priestess of Hera – seduced by Zeus

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  1. Europa – a noble Phoenician descended from Io – abducted by Zeus in the form of a white bull and taken to Crete Callisto – a nymph of Artemis (Diana) vowed to stay a virgin, but seduced by Zeus disguised as Artemis and transformed into a bear – almost slain by her son, Arcas, but placed among the stars to become a constellation Ganymede – Trojan prince, the most attractive of mortals – abducted by Zeus to serve as cup bearer to the Gods Io – Priestess of Hera – seduced by Zeus

  2. Jupiter’s Satellites • What the Galilean satellites are and how they orbit Jupiter • The similarities and differences among the Galilean satellites • How the Galilean satellites formed • How tidal forces and synchronous orbits affect the Galilean satellites

  3. Jupiter’s Satellites • Why Io is the most volcanically active world in the solar system • How Io interacts with Jupiter’s magnetic field • The evidence that Europa may have an ocean beneath its surface • The kinds of geologic activity found on Ganymede and Callisto • Why most of Jupiter’s moons orbit in the “wrong” direction

  4. Orbits of the Galilean Satellites Radius (RJ): Period (days): Io 5.9 1 Europa 9.4 2 Ganymede 15 4 Callisto 26.3 9.43

  5. What is the relationship between the orbital periods of the four Galilean satellites of Jupiter? 1:2:4:8— Europa orbits Jupiter twice, Ganymede orbits four times and Callisto orbits eight times during one Io orbit. 1:2—Europa takes twice as long to orbit Jupiter as Io, but there is no integer relationship between Callisto and Ganymede with the inner two Galilean moons. 1:2:4—Io orbits Jupiter four times and Europa orbits twice during one Ganymede orbit, but there is no integer relationship between Callisto and any of the other Galilean moons. The periods appear to be random, with no simple relationship between them.

  6. Relative Sizes and Distances from Jupiter

  7. Voyager 1—February 1979

  8. Formation of Galilean Satellites Protosun “ice-limit” Proto-Jupiter “ice limit”

  9. Formation of Galilean Satellites

  10. Voyager Mosaic Image Except for these areas–not seen by Voyager

  11. Io Anomaly Discovery—Voyager 1 March 8,1979 What’s this? …an unknown moon behind Io??? No!

  12. Galileo composite Image—1996 Side of Io facing Jupiter

  13. Galileo Spacecraft 1996

  14. Galileo—November 1997

  15. Tvashtar Plume—New Horizons, Feb 28, 2007

  16. Lava Flow from Tvashtar 2000

  17. Change in Lava Flow from Tvashtar 1999-2000

  18. Eruption from PillanPatera after several months

  19. The source of intense heating in the interior of Jupiter's moon Io, causing continuous and intense volcanic activity, is ______. tidal flexing and distortion, caused by Jupiter and the other large moons. frictional heating as the solar wind impacts the moon’s surface. a black hole in its core swallowing up the matter around it causing Io to slowly contract and heat up. heat released as it continues to shrink following its formation, converting gravitational potential energy into heat.

  20. Ejection of Sulfur from Io’s Volcanoes

  21. Infrared Glow from Active Volcanoes

  22. Interior of Io • Thin crust of sulfur and SO2 • Thicker crust and Mantle of Silicates • Dense metallic core

  23. Earth-based Infrared Image

  24. Io Torus 5 Million Amps of Current flows between Jupiter and Io!

  25. Europa—Voyager 1 1979

  26. Galileo Sept 19, 2003—False Color Infrared and Visible

  27. Europa’s Ridges and Jumbled Terrain

  28. Triple Bands • Formed when crust fractures • Ridges separate and darken • Water oozes up and freezes when another fracture occurs

  29. Moving Ice Floes in Canadian Arctic

  30. Ice Rafts on Europa

  31. Interior of Europa

  32. The weak and variable magnetic field on Europa measured by the Galileo spacecraft is generated by ______. electrical currents in Europa’s subsurface ocean water, induced by Jupiter's intense rotating magnetic field electrical currents flowing between Europa and Jupiter the motion of molten iron in Europa's core electrical currents in the liquid metallic hydrogen in Europa’s core

  33. Ganymede—Side Facing Away from Jupiter

  34. Grooved Terrain on Ganymede

  35. Plate Tectonics on Ganymede?

  36. Interior of Ganymede • Ice Crust • Icy Mantle probably includes water and slush zone • Large mantle of silicates • Iron core

  37. Callisto—Galileo, May 2001 Only complete global color image taken by Galileo

  38. Valhalla Basin • Largest multi-ringed impact in solar system • Lack of craters <1 km • Covered with dark, dusty material

  39. Interior of Callisto • Thick Ice Crust • Water below crust? • Mantle of rock and ice

  40. The surfaces of Ganymede and Callisto appear to consist mostly of ______. an organic polymer-like goo Ice rocks and lava frozen hydrogen and helium

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