GHSGT Science Review

1. GHSGT Science Review Day 1-Biology Mrs. M. Davis Mrs. K. Rigdon GHSGT Science Review—2006

2. Animal Cell GHSGT Science Review—2006

3. Plant Cell GHSGT Science Review—2006

4. Homeostasis • The maintenance of a stable internal environment, by regulating substances traveling into and out of the cell. GHSGT Science Review—2006

5. Passive Transport • Osmosis = the unregulated movement of water across the cell membrane • Does not require energy to take place • Cellular response in 3 types of solutions: • Isotonic = same conc. materials as the cytoplasm • Hypertonic = greater conc. of materials than the cytoplasm • Hypotonic = lesser conc. of materials than the cytoplasm GHSGT Science Review—2006

6. Examples—Animal cell GHSGT Science Review—2006

7. Example—Plant Cell GHSGT Science Review—2006

8. Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates = used for short-term storage of energy and fuel (converted to ATP) • Fats = used for long-term storage of energy and fuel (also eventually converted to ATP) • Proteins = used for growth and repair of cells and tissues. Many proteins function as enzymes, allowing physiological reactions to occur (no reaction = NO LIFE!) • Nucleicacids (DNA, RNA) = store information for reproduction of cells GHSGT Science Review—2006

9. DNA • DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid • shape = twisted ladder (double helix) • Backbone (sides of ladder) = alternating sugars and phosphates • Rungs of ladder = nitrogen bases (C, G, A, and T) GHSGT Science Review—2006

10. DNA vs. RNA • DNA = A, T, G, C, double helix • A bonds to T, G bonds to C • RNA = A, U, G, C, single strand • RNA bonds to DNA to read the genetic code • A bonds toU, G bonds to C GHSGT Science Review—2006

11. DNA Replication • Replication = DNA copies itself during mitosis, meiosis GHSGT Science Review—2006

12. DNA Replication con’t. GHSGT Science Review—2006

13. Genetics • Gene = sequence of 3 base pairs in DNA, controls traits in all living things • Can be one of two types (alleles): • Dominant = always expressed in phenotype • Recessive = only expressed when there is no dominant gene present • Homozygous = 2 of the same allele (RR, rr) • Heterozygous = 1 of each type of allele (Rr) GHSGT Science Review—2006

14. Genetic Crosses • Punnett Square = allows prediction of traits in offspring from parent’s known traits • Monohybrid cross = shows offspring that would results from 2 heterozygous parents for 1 trait • Dihybrid cross = 2 parents heterozygous for 2 traits 3 red (RR, Rr) : 1 white (rr) 9 red/tall : 3 red/short : 3 white/tall : 1 white/short GHSGT Science Review—2006

15. Cellular Reproduction • Mitosis -somatic (body) cell reproduction -conserves original chromosome number (diploid) -produces daughter cell identical to parent -Interphase is a period between cell divisions for resting & growth. GHSGT Science Review—2006

16. Cellular Reproduction • Meiosis • occurs in repro-ductive organs • produces gametes (sex cells) containing ½ the chromosome number (haploid) of the parent cell • requires two cell divisions in order to reduce original chromosome number by ½ (haploid) GHSGT Science Review—2006

17. Classification • Taxonomy = study of how organisms are named and classified. • System is from most general to most specific: Kingdom PhylumClassOrder FamilyGenusSpecies “King Phillip Comes Over For Great Spaghetti.” • Binomial Nomenclature = scientific name for organism; consists of Latin genus & species designations ex: humans = Homo sapiens GHSGT Science Review—2006

18. Crossing Over • crossing over = varies the genetic information of the offspring GHSGT Science Review—2006

19. Five Kingdoms Mushrooms, Yeast Athlete’s foot Bread Mold Euglena, paramecium Bacteria, virus blue-green algae GHSGT Science Review—2006

20. Biomes (Ecology) • Aquatic = marine (saltwater) and freshwater • Majority of world’s oxygen produced by phytoplankton here • Terrestrial (from coldest to warmest) • Tundra = temp never above zero • Taiga = coniferous forest (think Canada) • Grassland = prairies and savannah • Desert = arid (very dry) • Temperate = deciduous forest (trees lose leaves) Think Georgia! • Tropical = Rain forest, lots of rain, 80 degrees GHSGT Science Review—2006

21. Biomes GHSGT Science Review—2006

22. Resources • Non-Renewable = any resource that is used faster than it can be replaced • Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) • Metal ores (copper, aluminum, iron) • Building materials (rock, such as granite, limestone, sandstone, marble) • Renewable = any resource that can be continually replaced or used • Solar/wind/geothermal/nuclear energy • Plants and animals (biomass) GHSGT Science Review—2006

23. Communities • Niche = role an organism plays in its environment • Habitat = where the organism lives • Feeding Relationships • Producers: • Autotrophs = makes its own food (plants) • Heterotrophs = must obtain food elsewhere (animals) • Consumers: • Herbivore = eats autotrophs • Carnivore = eats herbivores • Decomposer = breaks down organisms • Omnivore = eats everything above • Predation = one organism kills another in order to consume them for energy (animal-animal relationship) GHSGT Science Review—2006

24. Communities, con’t. • Living relationships • Commensalism = one organism benefits, the other is unaffected • Mutualism = both organisms benefit • Parasitism = one organism benefits, the other is harmed • Kudzu is a parasite In 2000, the City of Tallahassee implemented a program that uses sheep to “mob-graze” kudzu, an efficient and effective method of eliminating the invasive vine. The program is saving hundreds of acres of native plants and trees from destruction without using pesticides or heavy labor. GHSGT Science Review—2006

25. Energy Flow (Ecosystem) GHSGT Science Review—2006