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GHSGT Review. Biology. Cell Structures. Cell membrane- surrounds cell, providing barrier Cytoplasm- fluid, made mostly of water, fills cell Organelles- structures inside of cell Nucleus- control center of cell Nuclear membrane- membrane surrounding nucleus Ribosomes - produce proteins
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GHSGT Review Biology
Cell Structures • Cell membrane- surrounds cell, providing barrier • Cytoplasm- fluid, made mostly of water, fills cell • Organelles- structures inside of cell • Nucleus- control center of cell • Nuclear membrane- membrane surrounding nucleus • Ribosomes- produce proteins • Endoplasmic reticulum- transport in cell Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Cell Structures • Golgi apparatus- storage • Lysosomes- digestion and recycling • Mitochondria- cellular respiration; energy release • Centrioles- function in cell reproduction • Chloroplasts- photosynthesis • Cell wall- surrounds cell membrane in plant and bacterial cells Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Animal versus Plant cell Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Prokaryote versus Eukaryote • Lacks a nucleus • Has no membrane-bound organelles • unicellular • EX: bacteria • Has distinct nucleus • Unicellular and multicellular • Have membrane-bound organelles • EX: plants, animals, protists, fungi Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Lesson Review What cell structure do all eukaryotes have in common? • Nucleus • Cell wall • Chloroplasts • RNA What cell structures would indicate that you are examining a plant cell rather than an animal cell? • Nucleus &chloroplasts • Cell wall &chloroplasts • Chloroplasts & mitochondria • Chromosomes & vacuoles Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Lesson Review Which labeled structure in the diagram contains chromosomes? Structure 1 Structure 6 Structure 7 Structure 3 Which cell structures are involved in protein synthesis? Structure 1 Structure 6 Structure 7 Structure 3 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Macromolecules • Organic compounds- compounds that contain carbon; building blocks of cells Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Lesson Review Proteins that speed up a chemical reaction without becoming part of the reaction are ___. • Amino acids • Enzymes • Nucleic acids • carbohydrates Which types of macromolecules are not soluble in water? • Sugars • Starches • Proteins • Lipids Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
DNA and RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Made up of smaller units called nucleotides Contains deoxyribose sugar Four bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine & Cytosine Double helix Ribonucleic acid Contains ribose sugar Single helix Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Lesson Review DNA contains each of the following bases, except ____. • Uracil • Adenine • Cytosine • thymine Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide? • five-carbon sugar • Nitrogenous base • Amino acid • Phosphate group Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Lesson Review IN a molecule of DNA, the base thymine always pairs with ___. • Cytosine • Guanine • Uracil • Adenine In an RNA molecule, uracil, takes the place of ___. • Cytosine • Thymine • Guanine • adenine Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Storing and Transmitting Cellular Information • DNA Replication- before a cell can divide it must make a copy of the DNA • First- the DNA unzips • The “loose” nitrogen bases attach to their matches • Creates two strands Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Protein synthesis- creation of proteins from code found in DNA • Transcription DNA unzips Messenger RNA transcribes the sequence of code from DNA Substitutes uracil for thymine • Translation • mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm • Attaches to a ribosome exposing a single codon • Transfer RNA then picks up the correct nitrogen base and joins it as a chain Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Lesson Review During DNA replication, which base pairs with cytosine? • Thymine • Guanine • Adenine • uracil During transcription, which base pairs with adenine? • Uracil • Thymine • Guanine • cytosine Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Lesson Review Which type of molecule transcribes the information from a DNA molecule to a molecule that carries the information to a ribosome? • tRNA • rRNA • mRNA • dRNA What takes place during replication? • The DNA is copied before cell division occurs • Information from mRNA is used to make proteins • mRNA makes a copy of the DNA • rRNA reads the information from mRNA to make proteins Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Reproductive Variability • Asexual reproduction • Involves only one parent • Results in offspring just like the parents • Sexual reproduction • Involves two parents • Results in more genetic variability in offspring Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Chromosomes and Reproduction • Meiosis is a process through which the nucleus of a cell divides in such a way that the chromosome number is divided in half • Thus, the number of chromosomes in a gamete have the HAPLOID number • The resulting zygote will then have the DIPLOID number Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Genes & Traits • Each chromosome contains many genes • Genes- section of chromosome that codes for single trait • Homologous chromosomes- similar in size, shape and genetic material • Allele- gene that controls an alternate form of the trait. • Mendel’s law of segregation- states that two alleles for each trait separate into separate gametes Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Describing alleles • Homozygous- alleles are the same; either both dominant or both recessive • Heterozygous- alleles are different; one dominant and one recessive; also called “hybrid” • Genotype- genetic composition • Phenotype- traits organism displays Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Predict Genotype and Phenotype • Use a Punnett square • Gives the probability of the offspring outcome Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Mendel’s second law- law of indendent assortment states that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Lesson Review In pea plants, round (R)seeds are dominant over wrinkled (r)seeds. The punnett square shows a cross between two parents that are heterozygous for round peas. Which of the following describes all possible genotypes resulting from this cross? • RR and rr c. round seeds • RR, Rr and rr d. wrinkled seeds What genotype will result in an offspring that has wrinkled seeds? • RR c. rr • Rr d. r What percentage of the offspring will likely to be homozygous for round seeds? R r R r Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
DNA Technology • Biotechnology- manipulation of organisms or their parts for human uses; used to improve human health & food production, also used in forensics • Genetic engineering- production of organisms with new genetic traits; most often from taking segments of DNA from one organism and inserting it into another Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Cloning • Scientists produce genetically identical individuals from a single cell. • First the nucleus of a female egg cell is removed • Then egg cell is fused with the nucleus of a cell taken from another adult • When the cells fuse, they produce a single cell that begins to divide Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
DNA Fingerprinting • Use a technique called gel electrophoresis to compare DNA of different organisms • First the DNA is cut into sections with enzymes • Then fragments are placed in a gel • Electric charges separate the pieces by size Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Lesson Review Which would be a reason why scientists would genetically engineer bacteria to produce human insulin? • Bacteria do not have their own DNA • Bacteria are living • Bacteria are very small • Bacteria reproduce quickly What has to be removed from the donor egg cell during the cloning process? • Nucleus • Cytoplasm • Y chromosome • X chromosome Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Photosynthesis and Respiration Process by which some types of organisms capture the energy of sunlight and convert it to chemical energy (food) Happens in the cell’s chloroplasts • Process by which living things release energy from the chemical bonds in food molecules • Happens in the cell’s mitochondria Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Photosynthesis • 6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Occurs in chloroplasts • Two parts: • Light reaction • Calvin cycle (dark reaction) Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
What is respiration? • The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy • Occurs in the mitochondria • Two types: • Aerobic – requires oxygen • Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Where does a cell get energy? • Cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use. • Energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) . Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Lesson Review What is the source of energy for photosynthesis? • Sunlight • Carbon dioxide • Glucose • Water What are the reactants of photosynthesis? • Water & glucose • Glucose & carbon dioxide • Carbon dioxide & water • Oxygen & water What would likely happen to a plant briefly kept in the dark? • It would die from lack of food • It would perform the light-reactions only • It would recycle materials, but not energy • It would conduct photosynthesis, but not respiration Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Relationships among Organisms • Ecosystem- living & nonliving things in an environment • Abiotic factors- nonliving • Biotic factors- living • Population- all organisms of same species living in an area • Community- all interacting populations living in an area • Limiting factors- environmental factors that control population size • Carrying capacity- largest population that a given environment can support over time Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Ecosystem Interactions • Competition- when organisms vie with each other for resources • Predation- feeding relationship where one organism hunts and kills another for food • Symbiosis- interdependent relationships between organisms • Mutualism- both species benefit • Parasitism- only one species benefits; other harmed • Commensalism- one benefits; other unaffected Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
What determines a Terrestrial Biome? • Climate – temperature and rainfall • 6 major biomes • Tundra • Coniferous Forest • Deciduous Forest • Grasslands • Desert • Tropical Rainforest Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
What determines an aquatic biome? • Amount of light, oxygen and salinity • Lakes • Ponds • Wetlands • Marshes • Swamps • Estuaries • Coral Reefs • Deep Ocean Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Lesson Review Species A The graph shows population changes for two species that share the same ecosystem. Which relationship exists between them? • The two species compete for the same food source • Species A is prey to species B • Species A is a predator to species B • They do not interact Species B Tapeworms live in the digestive tracts of mammals and absorb nutrients. The relationship between the tapeworms & the host is an example of ___. Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism Natural selection Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Food Chains, Webs & Pyramids • Producers- produce their own food • Consumers- obtains food from others • Decomposer- breaking down wastes or the remains of dead organisms • Trophic level- each feeding level in an ecosystem • Food chain- flow of energy from one organism to another • Food web- provides for showing interconnected food chains • Energy pyramid-shows energy loss among trophic levels Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Lesson Review Which group of organisms make up the final trophic level in an ecosystem? • Producers c. tertiary consumers • Secondary consumers d. decomposers Cattle feed by grazing on grasses. Cattle are an example of ___. • Producers c. herbivores • Omnivores d. carnivores Which shows a correct order for the transfer of energy within an ecosystem? • producer- decomposer-herbivore-omnivore • Carnivore-herbivore-decomposer-omnivore • Producer-herbivore-carnivore-decomposer Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
