America Becomes a Colonial Power

1. America Becomes a Colonial Power Chapter 18

2. Section 1The Pressure to Expand • ‘ The sun never sets on the British Empire’ • What is an empire? • What is nationalism? • What is imperialism? • Main Idea: In the late 1800s, as European nations took over vast areas in Africa and Asia, American leaders looked to expand American influence abroad.

4. Discussion Questions -?? • Why did stronger nations want to dominate weaker ones? • What role do you think economics played in American Expansion? • Why did business leaders put so much pressure on the American gov’t to find new markets for their goods? • What other reasons do you think they used to justify expansion?

5. 1. Economic Factors U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

6. 1. Economic Factors (con’t) Manufactures needed new markets for goods as well as natural resources for industrialized nations. * rubber * petroleum * fruit growers American Foreign Trade:1870-1914

7. Economic factors • Industrialization and manufacturing creates a need for the access to natural resources • New markets to sell their goods • U.S. was over producing

8. 2. Nationalist Nationalism: Devotion to one’s nation * Direct competition between nations led to expansion Example: If a country would acquire land or territory in Africa or South America, a rival nation would seize land near by to stop expansion

10. 3. Military Interests Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

11. Military Factors • European Militaries were far more advanced than those in Africa or Asia • U.S. will become advanced too • Needed bases to refuel and supply • Nationalistic factors: countries will not let their ‘rivals’ expand too rapidly or greatly • Example: France gains territory in Africa , rivals Germany will follow suit • Annex:join a new territory with an existing country – Midway Islands 1867

12. 4. Humanitarian Interests American Missionariesin China, 1905

13. The United States and Imperialism

14. A debate arose ! • What policy would best serve the United States and its interests? • Some argued to avoid foreign entanglements – maintain isolation • Others offered numerous reasons for expansion in 3 key areas • 1’s: Promoting Economic Growth • 2’s: Protecting American Security • 3’s: Preserving American Spirit

15. Promote Economic Growth • American business leaders favored expansion b/c it solved overproduction • Banana Republics: some countries in Central America were controlled by American Fruit companies • Expansionists: a quest for an empire would bring back the American pioneer spirit

16. Protecting American Security • A strong Navy is needed to expand • Modernize – steam powered ships • Needed ports to refuel • Alfred T. Mahan 1890 – The Influence of Sea Power Upon History - a countries economic future depends on it’s ability to open up new markets – a strong navy would protect these markets

17. Preserving American Spirit • Empire would fuel enthusiasm due to the frontier being closed • Helps self esteem • Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest • Adaptation • Nation’s destiny • Humanitarian efforts – it is our responsibility to help people in less developed areas • Public opinion was favorable overall to support U.S. expansion

18. The American Frontier was closed!

19. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

20. Alaska

21. “Seward’s Folly”: 1867 $7.2 million

22. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

23. Hawaii: "Crossroads of the Pacific"

24. U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

25. U. S. View of Hawaiians Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

26. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

27. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

28. Involvement in Latin America • Violence • Chile – 2 Americans killed • Rio to protect shipping interest • 1895 : Britain acknowledged Monroe Doct. • Arbitration : settlement of a dispute by a impartial person , listens to both sides and makes a decision

29. Cuba

30. The Cuban Rebellion • Cubans forced into guarded ‘reconcentration camps’ • Miserable conditions • Jose Marti urges U.S. to get involved • Cleveland and McKinley refuse • Did not want to spend the $$ • Demand came from American Newspapers as well

31. The Imperialist Tailor

32. Spanish Misrule in Cuba

33. “Reconcentration” Policy (Inhumane treatment of Natives)

34. “Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism Jingoism: an intense national pride and the belief in an aggressive foreign policy Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst:You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! William Randolph Hearst

35. William Randolph Hearst • New York Journal • Sensational news stories and investigative reporting • Had to compete for circulation and sales • Wrote about the plight of the Cubans • Americans grew in support for the rebels and yellow journalism intensified an aggressive foreign policy • Jingoism- intense national pride and supporting an aggressive foreign policy

36. De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S. Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and abidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.

37. Spanish American War • Your Task is to read from ‘Turning Point: The Spanish-American War’ to ‘After the War’ • 1. Create a timeline of events • 2. We will create a class timeline • Example: Early 1898: Riots break out in Cuban capital; Pres. McKinley orders USS Maine to harbor

38. Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

39. Yellow Journalism

41. The Philippines

42. The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”

43. Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

44. The “Rough Riders”

45. The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”

46. Admiral George Dewey Captures Manila!

47. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam. The U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for thePhilippines. The U. S. becomesan imperial power

48. Cuban Independence? Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903) • Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. • The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. • Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. • Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. Senator Orville Platt

49. Aftermath of the War • Filipinos were unfit for self government • Treaty of Paris: ratified in 1899 • U.S. did not recog. Filipino IND. • Three year conflict followed • No IND until 1946 • Cuba and Puerto Rico • Teller and Platt Amds. • Other Gains in Pacific? • Define: spheres of influence and Open Door Policy

50. Our “Sphere of Influence” Areas of economic and political control