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AP Biology

AP Biology. Lecture #31 Central Dogma. Central Dogma. DNA. Replication. Reverse Transcription. Transcription. RNA. Translation. Protein. But how is DNA copied?. Replication of DNA base pairing suggests that it will allow each side to serve as a template for a new strand.

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AP Biology

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  1. AP Biology Lecture #31 Central Dogma

  2. Central Dogma DNA Replication Reverse Transcription Transcription RNA Translation Protein

  3. But how is DNA copied? • Replication of DNA • base pairing suggests that it will allow each side to serve as a template for a new strand “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” —Watson & Crick

  4. Copying DNA • Replication of DNA • base pairing allows each strand to serve as a template for a new strand • new strand is 1/2 parent template & 1/2 new DNA • semi-conservativecopy process

  5. Semiconservative replication, • when a double helix replicates each of the daughter molecules will have one old strand and one newly made strand. • Experiments in the late 1950s by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl supported the semiconservative model, proposed by Watson and Crick, over the other two models. (Conservative & dispersive)

  6. DNA Replication • Complementary base pairs form new strands.

  7. Let’s meetthe team… DNA Replication • Large team of enzymes coordinates replication

  8. Replication: 1st step • Unwind DNA • helicase enzyme • unwinds part of DNA helix • stabilized by single-stranded binding proteins helicase single-stranded binding proteins replication fork

  9. Replication: 2nd step • Build daughter DNA strand • add new complementary bases • DNA polymerase III DNA Polymerase III

  10. Replication 3 5 energy DNA Polymerase III • Adding bases • can only add nucleotides to 3 end of a growing DNA strand • need a “starter” nucleotide to bond to • strand only grows 53 DNA Polymerase III energy DNA Polymerase III energy DNA Polymerase III energy 3 5

  11. Okazaki ligase 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Leading & Lagging strands Limits of DNA polymerase III • can only build onto 3 end of an existing DNA strand  Okazaki fragments Lagging strand growing replication fork  Leading strand Lagging strand • Okazaki fragments • joined by ligase • “spot welder” enzyme DNA polymerase III Leading strand • continuous synthesis

  12. DNA polymerase III 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 growing replication fork growing replication fork 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Replication fork / Replication bubble leading strand lagging strand leading strand lagging strand leading strand lagging strand

  13. 3 3 3 3 3 3 DNA polymerase III 5 5 5 5 5 5 Starting DNA synthesis: RNA primers Limits of DNA polymerase III • can only build onto 3 end of an existing DNA strand growing replication fork primase RNA RNA primer • built by primase • serves as starter sequence for DNA polymerase III

  14. 3 3 3 3 3 3 DNA polymerase III 5 5 5 5 5 5 Starting DNA synthesis: RNA primers Limits of DNA polymerase III • can only build onto 3 end of an existing DNA strand growing replication fork primase RNA RNA primer • built by primase • serves as starter sequence for DNA polymerase III

  15. ligase 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 Replacing RNA primers with DNA DNA polymerase I • removes sections of RNA primer and replaces with DNA nucleotides DNA polymerase I growing replication fork RNA But DNA polymerase I still can only build onto 3 end of an existing DNA strand

  16. 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 Houston, we have a problem! Chromosome erosion All DNA polymerases can only add to 3 end of an existing DNA strand DNA polymerase I growing replication fork DNA polymerase III RNA Loss of bases at 5 endsin every replication • chromosomes get shorter with each replication • limit to number of cell divisions?

  17. 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 Telomeres Repeating, non-coding sequences at the end of chromosomes = protective cap • limit to ~50 cell divisions growing replication fork telomerase Telomerase • enzyme extends telomeres • can add DNA bases at 5 end • different level of activity in different cells • high in stem cells & cancers -- Why? TTAAGGG TTAAGGG TTAAGGG

  18. direction of replication Replication fork DNA polymerase III lagging strand DNA polymerase I 3’ primase Okazaki fragments 5’ 5’ ligase SSB 3’ 5’ 3’ helicase DNA polymerase III 5’ leading strand 3’ SSB = single-stranded binding proteins

  19. Roger Kornberg 2006 Arthur Kornberg 1959 DNA polymerases • DNA polymerase III • 1000 bases/second! • main DNA builder • DNA polymerase I • 20 bases/second • editing, repair & primer removal DNA polymerase III enzyme

  20. Editing & proofreading DNA • 1000 bases/second = lots of typos! • DNA polymerase I • proofreads & corrects typos • repairs mismatched bases • removes abnormal bases • repairs damage throughout life • reduces error rate from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 100 million bases

  21. Fast & accurate! • It takes E. coli <1 hour to copy 5 million base pairs in its single chromosome • divide to form 2 identical daughter cells • Human cell copies its 6 billion bases & divide into daughter cells in only few hours • remarkably accurate • only ~1 error per 100 million bases • ~30 errors per cell cycle

  22. 1 2 3 4 What does it really look like?

  23. Any Questions??

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