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AP Government

AP Government. Unit 4 – Defense & Foreign policy. Instruments of foreign policy. Military: oldest tool Relatively rarely used because of significant consequences: International scrutiny High financial cost High cost in lives. Instruments of foreign policy. Diplomatic: quietest tool

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AP Government

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  1. AP Government Unit 4 – Defense & Foreign policy

  2. Instruments of foreign policy • Military: oldest tool • Relatively rarely used because of significant consequences: • International scrutiny • High financial cost • High cost in lives

  3. Instruments of foreign policy • Diplomatic: quietest tool • National leaders use occasional summits • In continuous use by ambassadors • Very regimented & formal • Diplomatic immunity • Persona non grata – diplomat expelled for any reason – recalled to home country

  4. Instruments of foreign policy • Economic: becoming most powerful tool • Consulates • Sanctions – “carrot & stick” motivation • Incentives convince others to choose what you want them to choose • Trade regulations, tariffs, embargoes

  5. International trade • Balance of trade • Exports – Imports • US has largest trade deficit in the world • US residents buy more foreign goods than we sell to foreign countries • Trade deficit shrinks when US economy drops

  6. International organizations • United Nations • Group of Eight • World Trade Organization • North American Free Trade Agreement • European Union • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

  7. United Nations (1945) • Security Council – legislative group • 5 permanent members (“Big 5”) • US, UK, France, Russia, China • Any of the 5 can veto any resolution • 10 nonpermanent members elected regionally to 2-year terms

  8. Security Council vetoes

  9. Group of Eight • Annual summit meeting of 8 major economic powers • US, UK, France, Germany • Italy, Japan, Canada, Russia

  10. General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT) • Series of meetings 1949-1993 to reduce trade barriers among willing nations • Established Most Favored Nation status • Any trade concessions a country makes with one member apply to all members

  11. World Trade Organization (1995) • Formed after GATT 1993 • Membership had increased significantly after fall of Communist Bloc • Permanent org oversees internatl trade • Ensures countries follow agreements

  12. North American Free Trade Agreement • Signed in 1992, went into effect in 1994 • Dropped most trade barriers among Canada, US & Mexico

  13. European Union • Political semi-unification of Europe • Nations still sovereign within borders • Free travel within EU • More an economic union • Common currency (€) • Little to no trade restrictions • Common destiny (bailouts if necessary)

  14. EU economy vs. rest of world

  15. North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Formed in 1949 • Mutual defense treaty • All signatory nations vow to help defend if any is invaded by external nation • Original goal (Lord Ismay, 1st Sec Gen): “To keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down”

  16. North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Warsaw Pact was the Soviet response to NATO – Eastern Europe • Several old Warsaw Pact nations have joined since fall of Communist Bloc

  17. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries • Cartel of 12 major oil producer countries • Limits production to keep prices inflated Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE Algeria, Angola, Libya, Nigeria Ecuador, Venezuela

  18. Other international actors • Multinational corporations • Nongovernmental organizations • International Red Cross • International Olympic Committee • FIFA • Médecins Sans Frontières

  19. US Foreign policymakers • President • Secretary of State & ambassadors • National Security Council • Congress

  20. History of US Foreign Policy • Isolationism • Washington’s Farewell Address – plea for neutrality / no permanent alliances • Monroe Doctrine – stay out of European affairs, they stay out of Americas • World War I – effective permanent end to US isolationism

  21. The Cold War • Red Scare • McCarthyism – 1950s fear of communism within US gov – Sen. Joseph McCarthy • Alger Hiss / Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

  22. The Cold War • Containment (Domino Theory) • Main US foreign policy goal – keep Soviet and Chinese communism from spreading • Korean War – 1950-1953 (or 1950-present) • Vietnam War – 1955-1975

  23. The Cold War • Arms race • Big  in military spending – conventional as well as nuclear weapons • Mutually Assured Destruction • Belief that massive # of nukes would deter WW3 – end of mankind possible

  24. The Cold War • Brink of war (1960s) • Cuban Missile Crisis • Détente (1970s) • Shift from conflict to cooperation • Negotiations between US & USSR

  25. The Cold War • Reagan rearmament (1980s) • Massive increase in defense budget • Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”) • Use of various space weapons to interdict nuclear weapons on flight from USSR to US • USSR  defense spending in response • Probably caused collapse of Soviet economy

  26. End of the Cold War • Bush / Clinton (1990s) • USSR collapsed, Germany reunited • Role of US changed – only superpower

  27. War on Terror • Bush Doctrine • US can preemptively strike nations that harbor terrorists & WMDs

  28. Nuclear proliferation • Only a few countries have verified nuclear capability • 5 perm UN Sec Council nations were only nuclear states for many years • Fear of “rogue states” causes world pressure against nuclear deployment

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