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Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition

This chapter explores how operating systems interface with input and output devices, the need for device drivers, and the installation process for devices and drivers. It covers various input device technologies, types of printers, display adapter technologies, and circuit board installation for new devices.

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Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition

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  1. Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition Chapter 6 Configuring Input and Output Devices

  2. Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Understand how OSs interface with input and output devices • Explain the need for device drivers and install devices and drivers • Describe popular input device technologies • Discuss the types of printers and install printers • Explain display adapter technologies • Install circuit boards for new devices Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  3. OSs and Devices: An Overview • A primary function of any OS is to provide basic I/O support for application software • To translate requests from software into commands that the hardware can understand and carry out • Two ways an OS does this: • Through software (device drivers) • Through hardware controlled by the OS • Device drivers perform the communication between the physical device and OS Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  4. OSs and Devices: An Overview • Configuration of device drivers and adapters varies from OS to OS, but they function the same in each OS • Setting up or installing I/O devices involves three general steps: • Install the device drivers that are required • Connect the input, output, or storage device • Turn on the device and follow any configuration instructions Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  5. Using Device Drivers • The OS provides basic I/O support for devices but it doesn’t support specific features of each device • For specific features to be supported and work properly, a device driver for the device is needed • Advantages of using device drivers: • Only essential code is necessary to build into the OS kernel for maximum performance • Use of specific devices does not have to be linked to a single OS Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  6. Using Device Drivers • Advantages of using device drivers (cont’d): • The number of I/O devices can expand to offer the computer user a broad range of device selections and features • New devices can come on the market without requiring extensive updates to OSs • You should use the manufacturer’s driver instead of the one supplied with your OS Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  7. Using Device Drivers • The procedure to install drivers varies • If you download a new driver from a manufacturer’s Web site, you may have to uncompress it • Microsoft includes built-in zip support • Some files may be supplied in self-extraction format (executable file that usually uses an .exe file extension) • If the file includes a .zip extension, you can open it directly within the OS or use a stand-alone program • Mac OS X since version 10.3 Tiger has built-in zip support • UNIX/Linux users may retrieve drivers in a tar format Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  8. Using Device Drivers • Once the driver is located, you generally have 3 options for install: • Use your OS’s install utility • Plug and Play (PnP) feature • The install utility provided by the hardware manufacturer • Procedures differ among different OSs and with different equipment • General process is very similar Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  9. Manufacturer Driver Installation • When you use a hardware manufacturer’s installation utility • The process is usually fully automated • Each manufacturer has a different procedure • Generally, the procedure is to double-click an installation program or insert a DVD/CD-ROM into a drive • Wait for a program to start automatically or run a setup or install utility Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  10. Windows Driver Installation • Easiest way to install a driver is to use the PnP capability to automatically detect new hardware • Also can use the Add a device wizard in Windows • A final way is to use Device Manager • To install a new driver, update an existing one, or roll back a driver to a previous version Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  11. Windows Driver Installation • Using PnP to Install a Device and Driver • Install any software drivers that are required • Connect the printer to the computer • Plug the printer into a power outlet and turn it on • Follow any configuration instructions • Windows may try to find the built-in driver for the device on the Windows distribution disk or DVD/CD-ROM • You can insert the manufacturer’s DVD/CD-ROM into the appropriate drive when the OS asks for it Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  12. Windows Driver Installation • Using a Windows Wizard to Install a Device/Driver • Use the Add a device Wizard if: • Windows doesn’t recognize newly installed hardware • Want to conduct an installation manually • In Windows 7 and later versions, open Control Panel and click Add a device under the Hardware and Sound category Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  13. Windows Driver Installation • Using Device Manager to Install or Update a Driver • Also use Device Manager to: • Determine the location of device driver files • Check to make sure a device is working properly • Determine if there is a resource conflict for a device • A conflict could occur more than once device is assigned the same IRQ or I/O address • Interrupt request (IRQ) line – channel within the computer that is used for communications with the CPU • I/O address range – memory reserved for use by a particular device Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  14. Windows Driver Installation Figure 6-1 Device manager in Windows 10 Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  15. Windows Driver Installation Figure 6-3 Viewing the resources used by a device Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  16. Windows Driver Installation Figure 6-4 Updating or rolling back a driver Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  17. Windows Driver Installation • When a new I/O device is installed under Windows, you have the option to make sure the driver has been verified by Microsoft • When it has been verified a unique digital signature is incorporated into that driver (a process called driver signing) • In Windows 10, unsigned drivers are not permitted • Using driver signing helps to ensure that the driver works properly with the device and in conjunction with other devices Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  18. UNIX/Linux Driver Installation • Concept of drivers is a little different in UNIX/Linux • The central portion of the OS, the kernel, is where most of the device drivers are loaded • Drivers are either in the form of: • Kernel modules – pieces of code that must be linked into the kernel • Loadable modules – pieces of code that are not linked into the kernel, but are loaded when the OS is started • Device support in most UNIX/Linux versions is limited compared to other OSs Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  19. UNIX/Linux Driver Installation • UNIX/Linux devices are managed through the use of device special files (contain information about I/O devices) • Three types of device special files: • Block special files – used to manage random access devices that involve handling blocks of data (hard drives, DVD/CD-ROM drives) • Character special files – handle byte-by-byte streams of data (USB connections such as mice, keyboards, printers, etc…) • Named pipes – handling internal communications, such as redirecting file output to a monitor Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  20. UNIX/Linux Driver Installation Device special files are usually stored in the /dev directory If you need to create a device file for a new device, use the mknod command To view the I/O device special files on your system, use the ls command to see all of the files in the /dev folder Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  21. UNIX/Linux Driver Installation Table 6-1 UNIX/Linux device special files Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  22. Mac OS X Driver Installation • Mac OS X systems come with device drivers for most hardware • When you obtain new hardware, follow these general steps: • Shut down the OS and turn off the computer • Attach the new hardware • Restart the computer and OS • Insert the DVD/CD-ROM for the hardware • Run the installer program on the DVD/CD-ROM for that hardware Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  23. Standard Input Devices • Keyboard is the most important input device • Other important devices include: • Mouse and touch pad • Mouse alternatives, such as trackball, stylus, and pointing stick • Touch input has become popular due to iPads, smartphones, book readers, and tablet touch screens Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  24. Mouse and Keyboard Drivers • Mouse and keyboard drivers are highly standardized across OSs • It is unlikely you will need to setup these devices • Wireless mice and keyboards require batteries to operate, along with a USB receiver (usually shared by both mouse and keyboard) • May come with drivers and additional software on DVD/CD-ROM • Some OSs include keyboard and mouse configuration utilities Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  25. Mouse and Keyboard Drivers Figure 6-5 Keyboard settings in Windows 10 Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  26. Mouse and Keyboard Drivers Figure 6-6 Mac OS X mouse settings Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  27. Touch Input Devices • Touch Input Drivers –drivers are included in the OS or preloaded by the computer manufacturer • Touch Screen controlled by using your fingers • Multi-touch technology allows you to use multiple fingers • Windows 7 (and newer) and Linux/Fedora support multi-touch capabilities • Apple has incorporated the touch technology used in the iPad and iPhone into Mac OS X • Touch pad is an example of touch input • Usually found below the keyboard on laptops Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  28. Other Input Devices • Digital Pads – different kind of mouse • Used to draw pictures, sign you name, color a detailed graphic image (tasks that require a high degree of manual dexterity) • Uses a USB port and requires special drivers/installation • Can range from standard to specialty devices that include LCD panels that mirror your computer’s video display Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  29. Other Input Devices • Scanners – scans text and images to be manipulated by software • May also be used with optical character recognition (OCR) software • Installation (in Windows) is usually automatic through PnP • To get the best performance, install drivers that shipped with scanner instead of the driver in Windows Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  30. Other Input Devices Figure 6-7 Windows Fax and Scan window Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  31. Other Input Devices • Joysticks, Game Pads, and Other Controllers • Joystick is more like a mouse instead of a digital pad • Offers more control than a mouse when it comes to detailed movements of graphical screen objects • Specialized joysticks: flight yoke systems, 3D joysticks, attack joysticks • Game Pads – designed for interaction with games and include multiple buttons, wheels or balls • Some are wireless and programmable • Sends standard signals to the USB port where the OS takes data and passes it off to an application program or customer driver for interpretation Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  32. Other Input Devices • Digital Sound Input – today’s computer is supplied with some kind of digital sound card • May be built into the motherboard or a separate card • Can connect a microphone to a USB port and record voice • Can download custom sounds or music from Internet sites for use with software applications • There are multiple audio I/O standards, but most devices come with a USB port Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  33. Other Input Devices • Digital Picture and Video Input/Output • Works similarly to digital audio I/O • Need a digital I/O interface and drivers to allow your OS to use the USB device • In some cases, use a utility supplied by the manufacturer to import digital images • Some manufacturers include the ability to link their hardware drivers directly into editing software • You can import and export digital files and edit them from the same application Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  34. Other Input Devices • 1394 Technology – IEEE 1394 is the original specification for a high-speed digital interface that supports data rates at 100, 200, or 400 Mbps • The newer 1394b standard supports 800 Mbps, 1.6 and 3.2 Gbps • Enables data transfer over twisted-pair and fiber-optic cable • Currently targeted at multimedia peripherals • FireWire – an IEEE 1394 implementation for bus communications, is used by Apple Computer and Texas Instruments Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  35. Printers • Printer is an important part of nearly every computer installation • This section outlines popular types of printers and printer connections • Also covers how to install printers Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  36. Printer Types • Ink-jet printers – create characters by squirting tiny drops of ink directly onto the page • Laser printers – use an imaging technology similar to copiers to produce computer output • Typical laser printer contains its own CPU and memory • Multifunction printers – combine ink-jet or laser printing, scanning, copying, and faxing into one physical device Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  37. Printer Types • Plotter – used in engineering, architecture, and other fields where hard copy output won’t fit on standard paper sizes • Other types available: 3D printers, label printers, dot-matrix, line printers, thermal-wax transfer printers, and dye sublimation • High-speed copiers, printers, and other printing devices found in a printing shop can now be connected to a network • Allows device to receive materials electronically Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  38. Printer Connections • Most new printers come standard with a USB port • Many printers support wireless printing • Many printers have a direct network connection option that lets you place the printer on a LAN • If a printer does not include this, you can purchase a network printer interface from a third party • More efficient to use a direct network-attached printer rather than a printer attached to a computer and configured for sharing on a network • Network interface is always on, making the printer always available to network users Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  39. Installing Printers • Installing Windows Printers – usually installed by connecting the printer to the computer and letting PnP initiate the installation • Can also connect the printer and use Add a device wizard • Best approach is to insert the DVD/CD-ROM that came with the printer and follow the instructions • If you need to perform a manual installation or to initiate automatic detection and setup, use the Add a Printer option through Control Panel Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  40. Installing Printers • Installing UNIX/Linux Printers • When a print job is sent from an application, a print spooler accepts the job and stores it in a print queue until it can be sent to a printer • The most common Linux printing system is the Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) • Most CUPS configuration files are in /etc/cups • The CUPS daemon will usually detect directly connected printers and install it automatically • For network printers, you can edit the printers.conf file directly or run the Printers tool in Fedora Linux Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  41. Installing Printers Figure 6-9 Adding a printer in Linux Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  42. Installing Printers • Installing Mac OS X Printers • Most printer drivers are already installed when you install the OS • If not, use the DVD/CD-ROM that came with printer • To set up a printer, use the Printers & Scanners utility in System Preferences • You can configure the following types of printers: • Default • IP (a network-attached printer that uses Internet Printing Protocol) • Windows Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  43. Installing Printers Figure 6-10 Adding a printer in Mac OS X Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  44. Display Adapters • Display adapters today have reached a common ground across OSs and hardware platforms • The PCIe bus enables high-performance graphics capabilities • And is the current standard for most types of add-on cards Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  45. Basic Display Adapter Technology • The display adapter is part of a standard computer package • Basic display consists of a number of pixels (small dot of light) both horizontally and vertically • Bit density – how many pixels can be shown in an inch of the display • Referred to as pixels per inch (ppi) • Major considerations in choosing an adapter are: • Resolution capabilities, amount of memory included onboard the adapter, type of video processor, cost Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  46. Basic Display Adapter Technology Digital Visual Interface (DVI) – developed as a very high visual quality standard for flat panel LCD and digital projectors High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) – a way to connect digital audio/video devices in televisions and computers Display-Port – digital interface standard that is projected to replace DVI and HDMI Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  47. Installing Display Adapters • Reasons to upgrade display hardware • Changes in technology, software, or take advantage of multiple monitors • Today, most adapters plug into the PCIe slot on the motherboard • Installed in two phases: • Hardware • Software • Installing a display adapter is similar to installing circuit boards (discussed later in this chapter) Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  48. Sound Cards • Today, most computers include high-end audio support • Sound cards come preinstalled and the OS includes support for sound input and output • Two types of sound devices : • Integrated with the motherboard (onboard) • Bus cards (installed in a bus slot) • Onboard sound hardware may be harder to update or change Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  49. Other Output Devices • Digital video – let you capture and output digital video to a camera or DVR • Multiport sound cards – permit a computer to serve as a fully digital, multichannel recorder for sound studio applications • Most specialty output devices have some software required to make everything work properly Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

  50. Installing Circuit Boards • Biggest enemy to circuit boards is static electricity • To avoid damage during installation: • Leave the card inside its protective cover until you are ready to install it • Disconnect all power to the computer • Prepare the computer by removing the case and any slot covers • Touch a grounded part of the computer • Insert the card into the slot and press it firmly into place Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

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