Stress in Work Life Has 222

1. Stress in Work LifeHas 222 Prof. Dr. Vedat Işıkhan Hacettepe UniversityFaculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Social Work Faculty Fellow [visikhan@hacettepe.edu.tr]

2. Section 1Has 222: The aim of the Occupational Health and Safety Course I To learn basic concepts, main factors and ways of protection about occupational health and safety. In this course, what are the psychosocial factors that are effective in working life and what are their effects are emphasized.

3. Psychosocial Risk Factors Occupational risks generally consist of physical hazards, including biological, biomechanical, chemical and radiological risks and and psychosocial hazards. The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines psychosocial hazards on the basis of job satisfaction, business organization and management, and the interaction between environmental and organizational conditions and workers' expertise and needs. These interactions are danger to the health of the worker through the way they are perceived and experienced. This danger is caused by stress. However, psychosocial hazards also have direct effects that are not released by stress.

4. Psychosocial Risk Factors Exposure to physical and psychosocial hazards may affect psychological and physical health. These effects occur in at least two ways: • Direct physical symptoms, • Indirect indications via stress.

5. These two ways are not the option of each other, but in most cases they work together and interact with each other, complete each other, or reinforce each other's influence. • Discussions about the hazard-stress-health relationship often oriented to psychosocial hazards and the physical dimension is ignored. Physical hazards, on the other hand, have psychosocial influences on the brain through fear and fear that they create because of the discomfort and danger they create. • This fear affects both success and the health. This effect depends on the worker’s awareness of the danger itself and the knowledge of the danger. In this case, stress is defined as stress related to exposure to physical and psychosocial hazards.

6. HealthandMentalHealth • Nowadays, being healthy is not merely the absence of an illness or infirmity; but also having a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being (World Health Organisation). • Mental health and social health are health components that are harder to assess but easier to influence than body health. Individual living conditions, living environment and the work are the main determinants of the mental and social well being. Almost the 50% of the mental and social health affected by the working conditions. There are some factors can affect the mental health: • Working environment • Working time • Wage • Organisational factors (shift, flexible working etc.) • Unionization • Disadvantagedworkers (elderlypeople, women, disabled etc.) • Abuse • Stress • Discrimination, oppression

7. Sources of Psychosocial Factors in Workplace and Stress Psychosocial factors at work can arise from many different causes, especially stress. Stress, which is defined as anxiety, incitement, warning, forceful situation, is evaluated in two forms condition and continuity. Situational stress can be referred as the stress occurs in the moment and the execution of the work.

8. Situational stress ;for example; rummaging the environment when a person is driving; checking the mirrors frequently, slowing down before making a turn or a student’s listening to the course, taking notes, doing homeworks, to fulfill the requirements of the course. Situation stress is a difficult struggle to avoid, it’s in the life. It is not considered too much trouble, as long as it does not adversely affect the daily life of the person. • In the case of continuity stress, even when the work done by the person is terminated, it is still on the job and related issues and the anxiety stills. For example, an evaluation can be made about a person’s anxiety about how s/he drives, even after arriving at home, at rest; or a student’s anxiety about the course, even after fulfilling the requirements of the course.

9. Problems that arise from inter-personal relationships, such as workers' relations with each other, the foremen and managers, and the existence of conflicts, can be serious risk takers. • Organizational factors such as management style and wage policy, working time, shift presence of work are also among the psychosocial factors. • Factors resulting from the conduct of the business, such as job stress resulting from repetitive and monotonous work, can negatively affect a person.

10. Stress factors in the workplace • Disagreement on the purpose between the managers and workers. • Uncertainties in staff assessment • Competition between people, nepotism, power struggle • Uncertainty of authority and responsibility • No effective recording and communication system • New changes (management, production, wages, etc.) • Personality conflicts • Working conditions (attendance, leave, fees, etc.) • The quality of the work (in uniform workers, time pressure-in the managers) • Position in the workplace (as the level increases, stress factors increase, the most stressful level is the middle level)

11. Section 2WHY DO WE WORK? • Success and Power Ownership • Belonging to a Community • Consideration as a Human • Equal Treatment • Status and Prestige Winning • Being Independent • Toearnmoney and Social Security

13. IMPORTANCE OF THE JOB • The meaning of work in the human life depends on the effectiveness of the job in meeting the needs (psychological, economic needs, etc.) • Having a chance to choose a profession wisely is the determining factor in future problems

14. IMPORTANCE OF WORKING WITH STRESS • Be able to recognize the symptoms of early stimulants of stress, • Define the ways of stress coping, • Supporting the development of attitudes towards being able to respond positively, • Describe the reasons for stress, • It is important to determine the reasons for the stress and fatigue of the person himself / herself.

15. WHAT IS STRESS? • It is a psychological condition that is caused by the threat or enforcement of the physical and mental limits of the organization. • It is a situation that occurs in people and forces them to deviate from their normal activities. • It is a psychological condition where the person feels uncomfortable and whose performance is normally below or above levels.

16. CommonCharacteristics of Stress • It is accepted that a stimulant is present causing stress. • Stress is a bi-directional phenomenon. • Stress is related to the steps that the individual wants to achieve and to the constraints that this area faces.

17. Stress is ofteninevitable. • Stress affects people in a variety of psychological and physiological ways. • Stress is the most important factor affecting performance in the organization.

18. WHY DO WE LAY EMPHASIS ON STRESS? • Stress-related illnesses are increasing day by day. • (Sometimes the defense developed against the danger may be more harmful than the danger leading to the stress). • Stress reduces the productivity and leads to many health related expenses, • It is a factor that increases accidents.

19. REASONS OF THE STRESS • Being in difficult-to-reachexpectations, • Having any positive or negative changes in any way, • Beingdesperateandhavingdesperatefeelings, • Perecption of threat, • Unwantedenvironmentalfactors (noise, heat, cold)

20. Unrealizedideals, • Unrealisticways of thinking, • Lack of supportresources, • Fear of failure, • Fear of beingsuccessful, • Role conflict,

21. Workingtoolittle or too much, • Uncertainroles (not knowing what is desired from the individual) • Working in a crowded environment, • Excessiveexpectations of thefamily, • The “must” thinkingstyle (e.g. I mustwin)

22. Unrealistic attitudes, beliefs and expectations • Malnutrition, • To move below a certain level, • To consume drugs, cigarettes and alcohol in excess amounts, • Belief that anxiety will prevent future mistakes and bad destiny.

23. Type A PersonalityFeatures Always active it is impatient Walksquick, talksfast It does two things at the same time Competitive I feel myself under the threat of time Type B PersonalityFeatures Patient There is no time threat It is never hasty Have fun doing business It is warm and soft Takes time tothefamilyandfriends Type A and Type B Personality Features

24. THE REASONS OF STRESS? • It can be fromwithintheorganization, outside of theorganization, fromthegroupsortheemployeeitself. • Policies [wage inequality, unfair assessment criteria] • Organization structure and characteristics [centralism] • Physical conditions • Organizational processes [Weak communication, cont.] • Non-organizational, organizational and group stress factors.

25. THE REASONS OF STRESS? • Individual stress sources • Group stress sources • Stress sources in the institution • Out off-institutional stress sources

26. FACTORS CREATING STRESS IN THE WORK 1. CausedbyWork • Workload • Job quality • Low wage • Shift work • Conflict with supervisors

27. Gossip • Variety of task or versatility • Monotony • Insufficient resources • Conflicts with colleagues 2. CausedbyOrganizational Roles • Role conflict and role ambiguity

28. 3. Causedbycareer development 4. Caused by structure and climate • Time management • Weak communication channels 5. Causedbyoutside the organization • Family and social life

29. FACTORS AFFECTING WORK STRESS IN WORK REQUESTS RELATIONSHIPS CHANGE DESIGN OF POSITIONS MANAGEMENT STYLE WORKING CONDITIONS Meaninglessness, thoughts, repetitive, never ending, surrounding, self

30. BODY RESPONSE TO STRESS • Being ready for danger (awake, alarm phase) • Stage of Resistance • Burn-out stage

31. The Whirldwind Stress Model, [Kivisto] Psychological Stres Tepkisi Behavioral Cognitive environment environment Emotional Physical Dimensions of a person or well being Occupational (Business) Mental Socio -cultural Spiritual environment environment

33. BEHAVIORAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF STRESS

36. Section 3STRESS’ EFFECT ON THE INDIVIDUAL • Behavioral Consequences: [Alcohol intake, excessive eating, etc.] • Physiological Consequences: [Circulatory system, heart and vascular diseases, digestive and reproductive system diseases] • Psychological Consequences: [Anxiety, depression and insomnia] have always ignored the effects of mental events on veins and internal organs. How the mental state affects the physical state has not been investigated.

37. STRESS’ EFFECT ON ORGANIZATION • Low Performance • Employee turnover (turnover) • Absenteeism • Alienisation

38. THE EFFECTS OF WORKPLACE STRESS TO HEALTH

40. WHICH INDIVIDUALS ARE UNDER MORE RISK? • Hostility, hatreds dominate • Those who share guilt in all matters • Those who are hypersensitive and emotional • Egocentrisism • Those who find things very good or very bad • Known as childlike

41. Which Occupations Are at More Risk? • Emergency Help Personnel • Soldiers • Police officers • Firefighters • Managers • Teachers (Special Education Teachers) • Social Workers • Miners

42. Thankyou…