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Understanding Control Systems: Open-Loop vs Closed-Loop Mechanisms in Engineering

This document explains the fundamental concepts of control systems in engineering, emphasizing the distinction between open-loop and closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems operate without feedback, relying on fixed conditions for calibration, thus lacking robustness against perturbations. In contrast, closed-loop systems incorporate feedback mechanisms to compare outputs with reference signals, enabling adjustments based on the error signal. The document also discusses the significance of positive and negative feedback in these systems and introduces transfer functions that characterize the input-output relationship.

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Understanding Control Systems: Open-Loop vs Closed-Loop Mechanisms in Engineering

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  1. Networks in Engineering A network consists of a set of interconnected components that deliver a predictable output to a given set of inputs. Input Output Function

  2. Control Systems • A control system is characterized by an input, controller and an output. Control systems could be open-loop or closed-loop. • Eg : Water level control (closed-loop) - the objective of this system is to maintain a preset water level through a closed loop control system.

  3. Open-loop Control Systems • The reference signal is directly used to compute the actuating signal. • There is no feedback. • Operating conditions are fixed and depends on calibration. • Not robust to perturbations.

  4. Closed-loop Control Systems • The output is fed back into the system and compared with the reference signal (input). • The difference in signals is used to compute an error signal • An actuating signal is derived from the error signal to correct the error. • Robust to perturbations

  5. Positive and Negative Feedback • Closed loop systems make use of positive and negative feedback. • Positive feedback - eg: amplifiers • Negative feedback - eg: blood pressure control Input Input Output Output Transfer Function Transfer Function

  6. Transfer Functions • Control is achieved through the transfer function which determines the nature of the output. • Transfer functions govern the relationship between the input and output. Input Output Transfer Function

  7. Some Basic Biological Circuits

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