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“In the end we will conserve only what we love; we will love only what we understand; and

“In the end we will conserve only what we love; we will love only what we understand; and we will understand only what we have been taught.” – Baba Dioum. Energy and the Environment Part I CES August 2010. Prof. R. S hanthini Dept of Chemical & Process Engineering

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“In the end we will conserve only what we love; we will love only what we understand; and

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  1. “In the end we will conserve onlywhat we love; we will love only what we understand; and we will understand only what we have been taught.” – Baba Dioum

  2. Energyand the Environment Part I CES August 2010 Prof. R. Shanthini Dept of Chemical & Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Peradeniya

  3. Learning Objectives • Describe the major energy technologies • Assess the impact of the use of energy from the environmental (ecological) point of view • Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of - energy sufficiency (conservation) - energy efficiency - energy security and - sustainability issues

  4. Global primary energy consumption in 2006 ≈ 15.8 TW = 15.8 x 1012 W Global population in 2006 ≈ 6.56 billion Global energy consumption per person in 2006 15.8 x 1012 W 6.56 x 109 ≈ 2.4 kW ≈ Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008) http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/

  5. How is electric power produced using oil, coal or natural gas?

  6. How is electric power produced using oil, coal or natural gas? Combined Power Plant (GT & ST) Diesel engine Gas Turbine (GT) Steam Turbine (ST)

  7. Steam / Gas entry Steam / Gas outlet Gas Turbine (GT) Steam Turbine (ST) Combined Power Plant (GT & ST)

  8. Gas Turbine Power Plant fuel hot gases Combustion Chamber compressed air Comp- ressor Gas Turbine Gen gases to the stack air

  9. Gas Turbine to produce Electricity

  10. Gas Turbine driving a Jet Engine

  11. Gas Turbine Power Plant fuel hot gases Combustion Chamber compressed air Work out Comp- ressor Gas Turbine Gen gases to the stack air

  12. Gas Turbine Power Plant Heat in fuel hot gases Combustion Chamber compressed air Work out Comp- ressor Gas Turbine Work in Gen gases to the stack air

  13. Gas Turbine Power Plant Heat in fuel hot gases Total Combustion Chamber Work compressed air out Work out Comp- ressor Gas Turbine Work in Gen Total - Work Work gases to the stack in out Eff = air Heat in

  14. Gas Turbine Power Plant 72 – 78% of heat released by the fuel 22 – 28% Energy Loss Total - Work Work in out Eff = = Heat in [ ] Total = - Heat Work - Work in out in = for 50 to 100 MW plant

  15. Gas Turbine Power Plant Heat in fuel hot gases Total Combustion Chamber compressed air Work out Comp- ressor Gas Turbine Work in Gen gases to the stack 72-78% Energy Loss? Where are they lost??? air

  16. Heat engine converts heat into work Wout Eff ≠100% = Qin engine Qin Wout Heat engine (ex: gas turbine) (must happen according to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics) Qout

  17. Heat engine converts heat into work Eff Eff TC - 1 = TH Carnot Hot reservoir at TH K (Ex: Combustion chamber) Wout Eff ≠100% = Qin engine Qin Wout Heat engine <1 (must happen) Qout < <1 Eff Cold reservoir at TC K (Ex: Atmosphere) engine Carnot The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

  18. Steam Turbine Power Plant Steam Turbine Gen

  19. Steam Turbine Power Plant hot gases superheated steam Steam Generator (Boiler / Furnace) compressed water Steam Turbine C Pump Gen Condenser saturated water saturated steam cooling water

  20. Steam Turbine to produce Electricity Oil could be used instead of coal. Steam engines are also used to power the train.

  21. Steam Turbine Power Plant Total Heat in hot gases superheated steam Total compressed water Steam Generator Work out Steam Turbine C Pump Work in Gen Condenser saturated water saturated steam cooling water

  22. Steam Turbine Power Plant 60 – 70% of heat released by the fuel 30 – 40% Energy Loss Total - Work Work in out Eff = = Total Heat in [ ] Total Total = - Heat Work - Work in out in = for 200 to 800 MW plant

  23. Steam Turbine Power Plant Total Heat in hot gases superheated steam Total compressed water Steam Generator Work out Loss??? Where??? Steam Turbine C Pump Work in Gen Condenser saturated water saturated steam cooling water

  24. fuel GT gases to the stack atmospheric air hot gases ST C cooling water Combined Power Plant

  25. fuel GT gases to the stack ST atmospheric air hot gases ST C cooling water Combined Power Plant

  26. 50 – 64% of heat released by the fuel Eff Energy Loss Combined Power Plant Net Work out at GT & ST = Heat released by fuel = 36 – 50% = for 300 to 600 MW plant

  27. ST cooling water Nuclear Power Plant Containment CORE Control rods PWR Pressurized water C

  28. Nuclear Power Plant to produce Electricity

  29. 66 – 69% of heat released by the fuel Eff Energy Loss Nuclear Power Plant Net Work out at ST = Heat released by nuclear fuel = 31 – 34% = for 500 to 1100 MW plant

  30. According to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics when heat is converted into work, part of the heat energy must be wasted

  31. Source: www.cartoonstock.com/directory/f/fossil_fuel.asp

  32. Where does all the lost heat from power plant go?

  33. fuel GT gases to the stack ST atmospheric air hot gases ST C cooling water Combined Power Plant

  34. Waste heat from power plant can be used for domestic or industrial heating purposes. It is known as cogeneration, and efficiency can be increased up to 80% in cogeneration applications. Discussion Point 1: What are the possibility for cogeneration applications in Sri Lanka? Take 05 mins.

  35. 50% - 70% lost in producing electricity 2% - 20% lost in transmitting electricity Generation, transmission and end-use losses

  36. Typical energy losses in an industrialised country Electric power sector 70% energy losses Transport sector 80% energy losses Residential & Commercial sector 25% energy losses Industrial sector 20% energy losses

  37. Eff Eff TC - 1 = TH Carnot Transport sector mostly uses Internal Combustion Engines TH = Flame temperature TC = Exhaust Temperature 600 K = - 1 2000 K Carnot = 70%

  38. A Typical Car: Engine losses in fuel energy conversion, In engine cooling and with exhaust gases 63 kJ Driveline losses 6 kJ Fuel Energy 18 kJ Aerodynamic drags 2.5 kJ 100 kJ 12 kJ Rolling resistance 4 kJ 17 kJ Standby Idle 5.5 kJ Braking Energy for accessories 2 kJ Source: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml

  39. Discussion Point 2: Is there a problem in burning oil and coal to make electricity and to drive automobiles in such an inefficient manner? Take 15 mins.

  40. The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus: “You may give men such gifts as are suitable, but you must not give them fire for that belongs to the Immortals.” – Roger Lancelyn Green Tales of the Greek Heroes Puffin Classics End of Part I (short Break)

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