SOUTH AMERICA

1. SOUTH AMERICA

2. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES • PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS S AND THE AMAZON BASIN. • POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY. • CULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY. • REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTERACTION HAS BEEN MINIMAL IN THE PAST.

3. URBANIZATION • THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIES • 79%- CONTINENT-WIDE IN SOUTH AMERICA • SOUTH AMERICA’S INCREASE BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASE” ANDINTERNAL MIGRATION MAJOR CITIES INCLUDE: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Sao Paolo, Brazil Buenos Aires, Argentina Santiago, Chile

4. AgricultureIn South America • Fruit & specialized crops (Mostly in South) • Mixed Livestock/Crops (Mostly in South) • Grain Farming (Mostly in South) • Subsistence Crops/Livestock (Throughout) • Mediterranean Agriculture (Central Chile) • Plantation (Tropical) Ag (Along coastal fringe) • Traditional Cultivation (In Andes Mountains) • Shifting Cultivation (Amazon Basin) • Livestock Ranching (Primarily Brazil and Argentina) • Non-agriculture areas (Western coast)

5. Natural Resources • Venezuela’s Orinoco River area contains 11 percent of the world’s gold. • Brazil is also rich in gold, and Peru is known for its silver deposits. • Chile is the world’s leading exporter of copper. • Geographic inaccessibility, lack of capital, and social and political divisions hinder fuller development and distribution of natural resources in Latin America.

6. CULTURE SPHERES • Locations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar. Plantation

7. CULTURE SPHERES • The most European part of South America • Includes the Pampas - temperate grasslands • Economically most advanced European-commercial

8. CULTURE SPHERES • Correlates with the former Inca Empire • Includes some of South America’s poorest areas • Subsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges: Mountains, deserts, rainforest Indigenous- Subsistence Farming

9. CULTURE SPHERES • Surrounds the Indigenous-subsistence region • A zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturally • Transition zones Mestizo-transitional

10. CULTURE SPHERES • Characteristics are difficult to classify. • Sparsely populated (deserts and rainforest) • Isolation and lack of development Undifferentiated

11. SUB-REGIONS • NORTH • COLOMBIA • VENEZUELA • GUYANA • SURINAME • FRENCH GUIANA BRAZIL (east) • WEST • PERU • ECUADOR • BOLIVIA • SOUTH • ARGENTINA • CHILE • URUGUAY • PARAGUAY

12. THE NORTH (CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA) • VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, GUYANA, SURINAME, FRENCH GUIANA • REGIONAL CHARACTER: COASTAL LOCATIONS, EARLY EUROPEAN PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT, FORCED MIGRATION OF BLACK LABORERS • VENEZUELA – 26.1 MILLION PEOPLE • OIL FROM LAKE MARACAIBO IS CHIEF RESOURCE • CARACUS & VALENCIA - KEY CITIES

13. CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA(CONTINUED) • COLOMBIA – 45.2 MILLION PEOPLE • COFFEE, OIL & COAL - MAJOR EXPORTS • COCAINE - LEADING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY • TORN BY INTERNAL VIOLENCE • BOGOTA & MEDELLIN - MAJOR CITIES • THE GUIANAS (FRENCH GUIANA, GUYANA, SURINAME) -POPULATIONS< 1.5 MILLION • ETHNICALLY DIVERSE • POVERTY STRICKEN

14. THE WEST (ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA) • PERU, ECUADOR, BOLIVIA • REGIONAL CHARACTER: INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS, SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE, MOUNTAINOUS ENVIRONMENTS, POVERTY • PERU –27.7 MILLION PEOPLE • LIMA IS ITS PRIMATE CITY • ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - FISHING, IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE, SUGAR, COTTON, RICE, FRUIT, OIL, MINERALS

15. ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA(CONTINUED) • ECUADOR-13.6 MILLION PEOPLE • MAIN EXPORTS: OIL, COFFEE, CACAO, BANANAS • GUAYAQUIL - LARGEST CITY AND COMMERCIAL CENTER • QUITO - CAPITAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER • BOLIVIA–9.2 MILLION PEOPLE LANDLOCKED AND POVERTY STRICKEN • MAIN EXPORTS: TIN AND ZINC

16. Ecuador • Major settlements in the Andean basins • Oil has begun to be extracted from the eastern parts of Ecuador in the tropical lowlands that drain into the Amazon River.

17. Peru • Home of the Incas, whose empire extended over 2,000 miles through Andean South America. • The “Lost City” of the Incas, known now as Machu Picchu, represents a well-constructed ceremonial center and city that had reached its peak well before Columbus began his first voyage. • The potato was domesticated in Peru and moved into active Old World trade after the arrival of the Europeans.

21. Bolivia • South America's poorest country • Landlocked high in the Andes with its capital, La Paz, located at 12,000 feet (3,700 m) • The Bolivian mine at Potosi produced nearly one-half of the world's silver in the 16th century as a result of the enormous investment of Native American labor and, later, African slaves in mining and refining precious metals for world trade.

22. THE SOUTH(MID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA) • THE SOUTHERN CONE: ARGENTINA, CHILE, PARAGUAY, URUGUAY • HEART OF EUROPEAN-COMMERCIAL CULTURE SPHERE • ARGENTINA-37.3 MILLION PEOPLE • 90% URBANIZED, PERIPHERAL • BUENOS AIRES - PRIMATE CITY • EXPORTS: CEREALS, MEATS, VEGETABLE OILS

23. THE SOUTH:MID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA(CONTINUED) • URUGUAY - 3.4 MILLION PEOPLE • MONTEVIDEO - PRIMATE CITY • MOST EUROPEAN OF SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES • EXPORTS: HIDES, MEATS,TEXTILES • PARAGUAY – 6.3 MILLION • 95% MESTIZO • LANDLOCKED LOCATION • CHILE – 16 MILLION • AN “ELONGATED STATE” • EXPORTS: COPPER AND NITRATES

24. Argentina • Second largest nation in South America • Major urban growth along the coast and in the plain of the Rio de la Plata • The agricultural productivity of the pampas- the dominant grasslands - of the interior that largely defines Argentina • Beef and wheat - major Argentine export commodities