Learning: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning

1. Unit 6:Learning

2. Unit Overview • How Do We Learn? • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning • Learning by Observation Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

3. Introduction • Learning • Habituation • Associative learning • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Observational learning

4. Classical Conditioning

5. Operant Conditioning

6. Classical Conditioning

7. Introduction • Classical conditioning • Ivan Pavlov • John B. Watson • Behaviorism

8. Pavlov’s Experiments • Ivan Pavlov • Background • Experimental procedure

9. Pavlov’s Experiments • Parts of Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned stimulus (US) • Unconditioned response (UR) • Conditioned stimulus (CS) • Conditioned response (CR)

10. Pavlov’s Experiments

11. Pavlov’s Experiments

12. Pavlov’s Experiments

13. Pavlov’s Experiments

14. Pavlov’s ExperimentsAcquisition • Acquisition • Higher-order conditioning

15. Pavlov’s ExperimentsExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery • Extinction

16. Pavlov’s ExperimentsExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery

17. Pavlov’s ExperimentsGeneralization • Generalization

18. Pavlov’s ExperimentsDiscrimination • Discrimination

19. Extending Pavlov’s Understanding • Cognitive Processes • Learned helplessness • Biological Predispositions • Conditioned taste aversion

20. Extending Pavlov’s Understanding

21. Extending Pavlov’s Understanding

22. Extending Pavlov’s Understanding

23. Pavlov’s LegacyApplications of Classical Conditioning • John Watson and Baby Albert

24. Operant Conditioning Big Bang Theory

25. Introduction • Respondent behavior – classical condition – actions that are automatic in response to a stimulus • Operant conditioning – associate actions with consequences • Operant behavior

26. Skinner’s Experiments • Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect- video – works all the time..when a behavior is rewarded it continues, punished it stops • B.F. Skinner • Behavioral technology • Behavior control

27. Skinner’s Experiments • Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

28. Skinner’s ExperimentsShaping Behavior • Shaping • Successive approximations • Discriminative stimulus – narrowing down what will be reinforced

29. Skinner’s ExperimentsTypes of Reinforcers • Reinforcer • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement

30. Skinner’s ExperimentsTypes of Reinforcers • Reinforcer • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement

31. Skinner’s ExperimentsTypes of Reinforcers • Primary reinforcer • Conditioned reinforcer • Secondary reinforcer • Immediate vs delayed reinforcers

32. Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment • Punishment • Positive punishment • Negative punishment

33. Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment

34. Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment

35. Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment

36. Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment

37. Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment

38. Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment • Negatives of using punishment • Punished behavior is suppressed not forgotten • Punishment teaches discrimination • Punishment can teach fear • Physical punishment may increase aggression

39. Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules • Continuous reinforcement • Partial (intermittent) reinforcement • Schedules • Fixed-ratio schedule • Variable-ratio schedule • Fixed-interval schedule • Variable-interval schedule

40. Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules

41. Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules

42. Extending Skinner’s UnderstandingCognition and Operant Conditioning • Latent learning • Cognitive map • Insight learning • Intrinsic motivation • Extrinsic motivation

43. Extending Skinner’s UnderstandingBiological Predispositions • Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive

44. Skinner’s LegacyApplications of Operant Conditioning • At school • In sports • At home • For self- improvement

45. Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning • Similarities between classical and operant conditioning • Differences between classical and operant conditioning

46. Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

47. Learning by Observation

48. Introduction • Observational learning • Social learning • Modeling

49. Mirrors in the Brain • Mirror neurons – see more on pg. 243 • Theory of mind – enables us to infer what another person is thinking or feeling – Unit 9

50. Bandura’s Experiments • Bandura’s bobo doll experiment • Children were placed in room and while playing observed an adult act aggressive towards doll. The children were then moved to another room with fewer toys but a similar doll. Watch what happens.