Learning: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning
This unit explores the different types of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Learn about famous experiments and practical applications of these learning principles.
Learning: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning
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Presentation Transcript
Unit Overview • How Do We Learn? • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning • Learning by Observation Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Introduction • Learning • Habituation • Associative learning • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Observational learning
Introduction • Classical conditioning • Ivan Pavlov • John B. Watson • Behaviorism
Pavlov’s Experiments • Ivan Pavlov • Background • Experimental procedure
Pavlov’s Experiments • Parts of Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned stimulus (US) • Unconditioned response (UR) • Conditioned stimulus (CS) • Conditioned response (CR)
Pavlov’s ExperimentsAcquisition • Acquisition • Higher-order conditioning
Pavlov’s ExperimentsExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery • Extinction
Pavlov’s ExperimentsExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery
Pavlov’s ExperimentsGeneralization • Generalization
Pavlov’s ExperimentsDiscrimination • Discrimination
Extending Pavlov’s Understanding • Cognitive Processes • Learned helplessness • Biological Predispositions • Conditioned taste aversion
Pavlov’s LegacyApplications of Classical Conditioning • John Watson and Baby Albert
Operant Conditioning Big Bang Theory
Introduction • Respondent behavior – classical condition – actions that are automatic in response to a stimulus • Operant conditioning – associate actions with consequences • Operant behavior
Skinner’s Experiments • Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect- video – works all the time..when a behavior is rewarded it continues, punished it stops • B.F. Skinner • Behavioral technology • Behavior control
Skinner’s Experiments • Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)
Skinner’s ExperimentsShaping Behavior • Shaping • Successive approximations • Discriminative stimulus – narrowing down what will be reinforced
Skinner’s ExperimentsTypes of Reinforcers • Reinforcer • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement
Skinner’s ExperimentsTypes of Reinforcers • Reinforcer • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement
Skinner’s ExperimentsTypes of Reinforcers • Primary reinforcer • Conditioned reinforcer • Secondary reinforcer • Immediate vs delayed reinforcers
Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment • Punishment • Positive punishment • Negative punishment
Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment • Negatives of using punishment • Punished behavior is suppressed not forgotten • Punishment teaches discrimination • Punishment can teach fear • Physical punishment may increase aggression
Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules • Continuous reinforcement • Partial (intermittent) reinforcement • Schedules • Fixed-ratio schedule • Variable-ratio schedule • Fixed-interval schedule • Variable-interval schedule
Extending Skinner’s UnderstandingCognition and Operant Conditioning • Latent learning • Cognitive map • Insight learning • Intrinsic motivation • Extrinsic motivation
Extending Skinner’s UnderstandingBiological Predispositions • Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
Skinner’s LegacyApplications of Operant Conditioning • At school • In sports • At home • For self- improvement
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning • Similarities between classical and operant conditioning • Differences between classical and operant conditioning
Introduction • Observational learning • Social learning • Modeling
Mirrors in the Brain • Mirror neurons – see more on pg. 243 • Theory of mind – enables us to infer what another person is thinking or feeling – Unit 9
Bandura’s Experiments • Bandura’s bobo doll experiment • Children were placed in room and while playing observed an adult act aggressive towards doll. The children were then moved to another room with fewer toys but a similar doll. Watch what happens.
