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Chapter 21: Market Efficiency & Government Intervention

Chapter 21: Market Efficiency & Government Intervention. Principles of MicroEconomics: Econ102. Economic Efficiency & Economic Surplus. Economic efficiency:

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Chapter 21: Market Efficiency & Government Intervention

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  1. Chapter 21: Market Efficiency & Government Intervention Principles of MicroEconomics: Econ102

  2. Economic Efficiency & Economic Surplus • Economic efficiency: • A market outcome in which the marginal benefit to consumers of the last unit produced is equal to its marginal cost of production, and where economic surplus is at its maximum. • Economic Surplus: • The sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus

  3. Economic Efficiency • Economic efficiency exists when marginal benefit equals marginal cost and therefore, economic surplus is maximized.

  4. The Demand Curve is Also the Marginal Benefit Curve Consumer Surplus Marginal benefit: The additional benefit to a consumer from consuming one more unit of a good or service. Consumer surplus: Measures the dollar benefit to consumers from participating in a market as the difference between the highest price a consumer is willing to pay and the price the consumer actually pays.

  5. Total Consumer Surplus in theMarket for Chai Tea Consumer Surplus

  6. Producer Surplus Marginal cost: The additional cost to a firm of producing one more unit of a good or service. Producer surplus: The difference between the lowest price a firm would have been willing to accept and the price it actually receives.

  7. Economic Surplus: Equals the Sum of Consumer Surplus and Producer Surplus Economic Surplus

  8. When a Market Is Not in Equilibrium There is a Deadweight Loss Deadweight Loss Deadweight loss: The reduction in economic surplus resulting from a market not being in competitive equilibrium.

  9. Government Intervention in Markets: Price Ceilings & Price Floors Price ceiling : A legally determined maximum price that sellers may charge. Price floor : A legally determined minimum price that sellers may receive.

  10. Price Floors in Labor Markets: The Minimum Wage Many economists believe there are better policies than the minimum wage for raising the incomes of low-skilled workers.

  11. Price Ceilings: The Example of Rent Controls

  12. Tax Incidence: Who Actually Pays a Tax? • Tax incidence: • The actual division of the burden of a tax between buyers and sellers in a market.

  13. The Effect of Taxes on Economic Efficiency The Effect of a Tax on the Market for Cigarettes

  14. The Effect of Taxes on Economic Efficiency The Incidence of a Tax on Gasoline

  15. The Results of Government Intervention • Some people win • Some people lose • There is a loss of economic efficiency

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