The French Revolution

1. The Rise of Napoleon The French Revolution

2. France and the Directory • Royalist Movement is opening the door for collapse • People looking for a leader http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKXx7fYF8pY

3. Napoleon Bonaparte • Born in Corsica • Shipped to Mainland France at age 9 to be educated in the military • Rose to be a great military leader • Revolution breaks out when he is 20 • Leads troops in battle against England in the South and Austria in the South East.

4. Early Success • Forced England out or port of Toulon • Forced Austria into defeat, leads to a peace agreement • Leads troops to Egypt in 1789, massive failure but keeps it out of French press.

5. Coming Home to Paris • In 1799 Napoleon goes from successful military leader to powerful politician • Helps overthrow the Directory • Helps create a three man governing board • The Consulate

6. Consul for life • With the new Consulate Napoleon and gained great power in government • 1st Consul • By 1802 declares himself Consul for Life A portrait of the three Consuls, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, Napoleon Bonaparte and Charles-François Lebrun

7. Emperor of France • Within Two years Napoleon had gained enough power to declare himself the Emperor of France. • Pope invited to the Coronation to crown him • Takes crown out of hands of pope, crowns himself. • Owe the throne to no one but himself. • People supported Napoleon each step of the way • Plebiscite- ballots

9. Napoleon and Government Reforms • Old idea of Liberty, equality, and Fraternity • Replaced by Order, Security, and Efficiency • Economic Reforms • Controlled prices • Encouraged new industries • Reinforced infrastructure (roads, canals) • Social Reforms • Made Peace with Catholic Church with The Concordat • Encouraged Émigrés to return, with oath of loyalty. • Arranged agreements with peasants and nobles about new land deals secured during revolution

10. The Napoleonic Code • New code of Law • Enlightenment ideals • Equality • Religious freedom • Merit based advancements • Women lost privileges gained during revolution.

11. Women's Rights Gained in Revolution Lost under Napoleon • Divorce Made Easier • Women can inherit property • More acknowledgment of rights but not a lot granted • Declaration of the Rights of women (Gouges) • Lost almost all rights gained • Could no longer exercise right of citizenship • Male heads of household gained complete authority of wives and children • Order and Authority over individual rights.

12. The Growing Empire • Military Success • Created the Grand Empire • “a man such as I cares little for the life of a million men” • Valued rapid movements • Used large armies effectively • New plans for every battle • Hard to predict what he would do. • He was worth “40,000 troops”

13. The Grand Empire • Annexed Netherlands, Belgium, Parts of Italy and Germany • Abolishes Holy Roman Empire. • Creates a 38 member confederation of the Rhine under his protection. • Cut Prussia in half • Creates Grand Duchy of Warsaw in old Poland • Puts trusted friends and relatives in charge of other countries • Spain- Joseph Bonaparte • Forced alliances with other European Countries to secure power.

14. The Grand Empire • Because of these successes and the growing empire the spirit of Nationalism grows. • Victory parades in street

15. England and Napoleon • French and England still hate each other • Napoleon prepared to invade England • Stopped by defeat at Trafalgar when French fleet crushed. • Napoleon bans English goods at European ports • England Blockades all European ports. • England survives because of navy.

16. The French Revolution The End of an Era

17. The Rise of Napoleon The Grand Empire Napoleonic Code Crowns himself Emperor The Consulate Overthrows directory. Pushing England and Austria Out during revolution

18. The Rise of Napoleon The Grand Empire Napoleonic Code Crowns himself Emperor The Consulate Overthrows directory. Pushing England and Austria Out during revolution

19. Napoleon’s Continued Success • Nationalism is increasing and spreading in France • Nationalism – a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country. • The Great Empire continues to grow. • Alliances and Napoleonic control is spreading over all of Europe.

20. Challenges to the Empire • Empire increasing becomes a Problem • Napoleonic code • Nationalism • Struggles in Spain • Napoleon puts brother in charge • Nationalism increases • Resistance met by French troops. • Guerrilla Warfare • Keeps napoleons troops busy

21. Austria’s Revenge • Spanish resistance encouraged Austria to go on the attack • Revenge from when Napoleon forced them out earlier • 1809 Austria goes on offensive • Battle of Wagram • Napoleon Triumphs • France gains more territory in peace settlement • Well populated land.

22. Gaining More Power • Napoleon for many different reasons divorces Josephine • He then marries the Austrian princess Marie Louise • Great Granddaughter of Maria Theresa • This makes him and his children kinship of European Royalty

23. Russia grows frustrated • Russia getting more and more frustrated with Napoleon’s rule • Economic trouble • Warsaw increasing in Power • Napoleons new connection with Austria • Russia withdraws from Napoleons continental system

24. Napoleon Responds • Assemble the Grand Army. • 400,000 soldiers from France and Other Countries • Russia retreats Eastward • The “Scorched Earth” Policy • Starving the troops and animals • Not able to prepare for winter. • Arrive in Moscow in September, winter hits and his troops start to die

25. Napoleon Retreats • The Harsh winter and lack of food and supplies forces Napoleon to turn around • Conditions worsen • Temps reached -40 • Corpses for shelter • Corpses scattered along retreat route, half eaten by wolves. • Line of French soldiers retreating stretched for 50 miles. • Russian army attacked as French Retreated.

26. The French Army Destroyed Only about 10,000 men make it back to France.

27. Napoleon the loser • Reputation destroyed • France was weakened • Austria, Russia, Prussia, England Make Alliance and attack in 1813 • Defeat Napoleon at battle of nations at Leipzig • Napoleon abdicated thrown. • French Throne given to Louis XVIII • Brother of Louis XVI

28. Exile and return • Exiled to Elba • Island in Mediterranean • Wife takes son to Austria • Allowed to Rule in Elba • Keeps title of Emperor • People Don’t Like Louis XVIII • Fear of Old Régime returning • Economic depression • Napoleon Returns from Elba in Triumph

29. Short lived Triumph • Leads France for only 100 days • June 18 1815 • Allied Armies meet at Waterloo • Napoleons Army is defeated by Prussian army • Napoleon forced to give up throne again • Exiled to St Helena

30. Congress of Vienna • Diplomats and leaders Meet in Vienna To establish lasting peace in Europe • Each had own agenda • Map of Europe redrawn • Belgium and Holland Become The Netherlands • Gave Prussia land on Rhine river • Austria controls northern Italy • Surrounded France with strong countries

31. Patterns of Revolution • Most revolutions follow a similar pattern • There are similar conditions that lead to revolution that are present in most revolutions • Most revolutions tend to follow the same course Anatomy of a Revolution: by Crane Brinton

32. Conditions That are Present • People from all social classes discontented • People feel held down by restrictions, economy, or government. • People are hopeful for future, forced to accept less than hoped for. • Bitterness grows between social classes • Leaders of government begin to doubt selves • Government cant get support to save itself • Government cant organize economics • Goes bankrupt or taxes the people to extreme

33. Course of Revolution • Impossible demands made of government • Unsuccessful attempts to suppress revolution • Revolutionaries gain power and unite • Once in power revolutionaries begin to quarrel among selves and unity dissolves • Power is gained by more radical groups, lunatic fringe gains almost complete power • A strong man emerges and asserts great power • Extremists try to create “Heaven on Earth”, punish those who oppose • Period of Terror • Moderates regain power • Revolution is over.