ENG 1D Exam Review

1. ENG 1D Exam Review Details of the Exam: When: Period 3 – Friday Jan 25, 2013 and Monday, Jan 28, 2013 Time expected in class: 8:17 am Exam Review: 8:30-9:00am Exam Start: 9:00am How long: 90 minutes (1 hour and 30 minutes) Total amount of pages: 10 The exam consists of 4 parts... Part A: Focus on Poetry, Romeo and Juliet, Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time Part B: Grammar Part C: Sight Passage Part D: Paragraph Response Part E: News Report

2. Poetry • Poetry is the most misunderstood form of writing. It is also arguably the purest form of writing. • The basic unit of poetry is the line. It serves the same function as the sentence in prose, although most poetry maintains the use of grammar within the structure of the poem. Most poems have a structure in which each line contains a set amount of syllables; this is called meter. Lines are also often grouped into stanzas.

3. Poetry Con’t • The stanza in poetry is equivalent or equal to the paragraph in prose. Often the lines in a stanza will have a specific rhyme scheme. Some of the more common stanzas are: • Couplet: a two line stanza • Triplet: a three line stanza • Quatrain: a four line stanza

4. Poetry Con’t • Rhyme is when the endings of the words sound the same. Read the poem with me out loud. • Rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyming words at the end of each line. Not all poetry has a rhyme scheme. They are not hard to identify, but you must look carefully at which words rhyme and which do not.

5. Poetry Con’t Dust of Snow by Robert Frost The way a crow Shook down on me The dust of snow From a hemlock tree Has given my heart A change of mood And save some part Of a day I had rued.

6. Literary Elements: Poetry Simile Metaphor Alliteration Imagery Hyperbole Personification Tone

7. Literary Elements: Poetry • A simile is a figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as. Example: The clouds looked like cotton candy. Grandpa was as stubborn as a mule Tom's head is as hard as a rock

8. Metaphor • A metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something important in common. Example: Clouds are cotton candy. Grandpa was a mule. Tom is a rock.

9. Alliteration • Alliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables. It is a word or a grouping of words that imitatesthe sound it is describing, such as animal noises like "oink" or "meow", or suggesting its source object (these are the more important ones), such as "boom", "click", "bunk", "clang", "buzz", or "bang". Example: Silvery snowflakes fall silently Softly sheathing all with moonlight Until sunrise slowly shows Snow softening swiftly.

10. Imagery • Imagery is an appeal to the senses. The poet describes something to help you to see, hear, touch, taste, or smell the topic of the poem. Example: Fog The fog comes on little cat feet. (see, hear) It sits looking over harbor and city (see) on silent haunches and then moves on. (see, hear, feel)

11. Hyperbole • An exaggerated statement used to heighten effect is a hyperbole. It is not used to mislead the reader, but to emphasize a point. Example: “I’ve told you a million times not to leave the dirty glass on the table.”

12. Personification • A figure of speech, which gives the qualities of a person to an animal, an object, or an idea is called personification. It is a comparison, which the author uses to show something in an entirely new light, to communicate a certain feeling or attitude towards it and to control the way a reader perceives it.

13. Tone • The tone of a poem is roughly equivalent to the mood it creates in the reader. The tone may be based on a number of other conventions that the poem uses, such as meter or repetition. If you find a poem exhilarating, maybe it's because the meter mimics galloping. If you find a poem depressing, that may be because it contains shadowy imagery. Tone is not in any way divorced from the other elements of poetry; it is directly dependent on them.

14. Sound Devices in Poetry Assonance Consonance Alliteration Rhyme

15. Assonance • Assonance The relatively close juxtaposition of the same or similar vowel sounds, but with different end consonants in a line or passage, thus a vowel rhyme, as in the words, "same day." Assonance does not occur simply by having the same vowel spelling, eg. lost and most. Say the words outloud. Tip: Assonance begins with a vowel and it governs vowels.

16. Consonance • Consonance The repetition of the same consonant sounds at the end of stressed syllables, but with different vowel sounds, within or at the end of a line, such as "bad and sod", (d's) or "when furnaces burn", (n's). Tip: Consonance begins with a consonant and it governs consonants.

17. Alliteration • Alliteration The repetition of the initial sounds (usually consonants) of stressed syllables in neighboring words or at short intervals within a line or passage, usually at word beginnings, as in "Jesse Jackson," who by the way, uses alliteration almost to excess. He is a very powerful orator who understands the use of all these sound devices. Again, alliteration depends on sound, not spelling, thus chime and cease are NOT alliterative. Used effectively, alliteration should create a connection or contrast between ideas.

18. Rhyme • Rhyme The repetition of the accented vowel sound and all succeeding sounds, as in old - cold, make - wake, feign – rain

19. In the Well by Andrew Hudgins My father cinched the rope, a noose around my waist, and lowered me into the darkness. I could taste My fear. It tasted first of dark, then earth, then rot.I swung and struck my headand at that moment got Another then: then blood,which spiked my mouth with iron.Hand over hand, my fatherdropped me from then to then: Then water. Then wet fur,which I hugged to my chest.I shouted. Daddy hauledthe wet rope. I gagged, and pressed Ty neighbor's missing dogagainst me. I held its deathand rose up to my father.Then light. Then hands. Then breath.

20. In The Well by Andrew Hudgins Questions to consider… 1. What images did you think of after you after you have read the poem? 2. What emotions is the speaker experiencing? 3. Identify a sound device used in the poem

21. Romeo and Juliet • Romeo and Juliet is based on external conflict and portrays the long-standing quarrel between the two established families in Verona, the Capulets and the Montagues. Both families are very similar in social status and quarrel throughout the play. Romeo and Juliet are the two main characters of the play. As described in the prologue in the beginning of the play, their fate is predetermined. “From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life.”

22. Romeo and Juliet Con’t • Romeo and Juliet ends in tragedy since the two lovers cannot profess their love openly, fate intervenes and causes Romeo to kill himself, believing Juliet is dead. When Juliet discovers the death of her husband, she kills herself, wanting to be with her lover through eternity. Their deaths, however, bring to a final close the age-old quarrel between the Capulets and Montagues.

23. Act I • Years ago there lived in the city of Verona in Italy two noble families, the Montagues and Capulets. Unfortunately, there existed much bad blood between them. Their animosity was so pronounced that they could not stand the sight of one another. Even the servants of the house carried on the animosity of their masters. The bloody feuds of the two families led the Prince to order all brawls to cease on pain of death.

24. Act I Con’t… • Romeo, son of old Montague, is a handsome young man. He fancies he is in love with Rosaline, who disdains his love. As a result, Romeo is depressed. To cure him of his love, his friend Benvolio induces him to attend a masked ball at the Capulets, where he could encounter other beauties and forget Rosaline. At the ball, Romeo is attracted by a girl who he learns is Juliet, daughter of the Capulets. They seal their love with a kiss. Juliet, on learning Romeo’s identity from a servant, confesses to herself that her only love has sprung from her only hate. Meanwhile, the fiery Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin, recognizes Romeo by his voice and challenges him. Old Capulet forbids him to insult or harm any guest. Tybalt vows to settle the score with Romeo later.

25. Act II • That night Romeo lingers in Capulet’s garden, standing in the orchard beneath Juliet’s balcony. He sees Juliet leaning over the railing, hears her calling out his name, and wishes that he were not a Montague. He reveals his presence, and they resolve, after an ardent love scene, to be married secretly. Next morning, Juliet sends her Nurse to make final arrangements for the wedding to be performed at the cell of Friar Lawrence. The Friar, who is a confessor to both the houses, feels that this union between a Montague and a Capulet will stop the feud between the two families.

26. Act III • Meanwhile, Tybalt has been seeking Romeo to avenge the latter’s intrusion at the ball. He encounters Romeo returning from Friar Lawrence’s cell. Romeo, softened by his newfound love and his marriage to Juliet, refuses to be drawn into a quarrel with Tybalt, now his kinsman by marriage. Mercutio grapples with Tybalt and is slain. Aroused to fury by the death of his friend, Romeo fights with Tybalt and kills him and takes shelter in the Friar’s cell. The Prince, on hearing of the trouble, banishes Romeo. The Friar advises Romeo to spend the night with Juliet and then flee to Mantua. The Nurse advises Juliet that she should forget about Romeo and marry Paris instead. Meanwhile, Juliet’s parents, believing her grief to be due to her cousin Tybalt’s death, seek to alleviate her distress by planning her immediate marriage to Paris, a kinsman of the Prince.

27. Act IV • In despair, Juliet seeks Friar Lawrence’s advice. He gives her a sleeping potion, which for a time will cause her to appear dead. Thus, on the day of her supposed marriage to Paris, she will be carried to the family vault. By the time she awakens, Romeo will be summoned to the vault and take her away to Mantua.

28. Act V • The Friar’s letter fails to reach Romeo. When he hears of Juliet’s death through Balthazar, Romeo procures a deadly poison from an apothecary and secretly returns to Verona to say his last farewell to his deceased wife and die by her side. In the Capulet tomb, Romeo encounters Paris, who has come to strew flowers on Juliet’s grave. Paris challenges Romeo, and in the fight that ensues, Paris is killed. Then at Juliet’s side, Romeo drinks the poison and dies. When Juliet awakens from her deep sleep, she realizes Romeo’s error and kills herself with his dagger. Summoned to the tomb by the aroused watchman, Lord Capulet and Lord Montague ring their hands in anguish. The Prince listens to Friar Lawrence’s story of the unhappy fate of the star-crossed lovers, Romeo and Juliet. He rebukes the Capulets and Montagues for their bloody feud. The Capulets and Montague decide to reconcile as a result of the deaths of their children.

29. Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon • One night, Christopher Boone finds his neighbor's dog dead in her front yard, with a pitchfork sticking out of it. Christopher wonders who killed it, and decides to write a book in which he tries to figure it out, like a murder mystery novel. • Christopher has a disability – unspecified in the book, but which has been compared with an autism spectrum disorder called Asperger syndrome – that makes it difficult for him to understand social norms like body language and other forms of human interaction. He is, however, tremendously good at math and more logic-based skills.

30. Curious Incident Con’t • Christopher's neighbor, Mrs. Shears, finds him with her (now-dead) dog, Wellington and calls the police. Christopher has to spend a few hours in a jail cell. Eventually, his father comes to get him, and tells Christopher to not investigate the dog's death any further. So, in response, Christopher thinks of all kinds of ways to interpret his father's demand as specifically as possible… so he can still do all of his detective work while somehow not disobeying him

31. Curious Incident Con’t • He starts asking around the neighborhood to see if anyone knows anything about the dog's death. He decides that since Mr. Shears left his wife two years ago, perhaps he hates her, and killed her dog to make her sad. When Christopher's father finds out he's been asking people about the dog, he makes him promise he'll stop. Again. Christopher promises. • However, Christopher continues talking to one of his neighbors, Mrs. Alexander, who tells him that his mother and Mr. Shears were having an affair before he left Mrs. Shears. But Christopher tells her that his mother died two years ago, of a heart attack.

32. Curious Incident Con’t • Christopher's father finds the detective book Christopher has been writing, in which he's recorded everything that has happened so far. He's really mad about it, and takes the book away. A few days later, Christopher searches the house for the book, and finds it hidden in his father's bedroom. In his investigation he also finds a big stack of letters addressed to him, from his mother. He reads a few of them, and discovers that she's actually still alive! His father had been lying to him this whole time.

33. Curious Incident Con’t • His father apologizes for lying, and also admits that he was the one who killed Mrs. Shears' dog. As it turns out, he has feelings for Mrs. Shears, and was mad that she didn't want to be with him. • Christopher decides that living with his father is no longer such a great (or safe) idea – he is a dog-killer after all – and thinks it's best to move to London and live with his mother. Problem is, he's never gone anywhere by himself before, and has difficulty being in busy places and/or around large groups of people. The journey is, as we might then expect, incredibly challenging. First, after he runs away, his father enlists the police to try to find him. He manages to escape anyway, but then he's totally overwhelmed, being on his own like this. He repeatedly vomits and passes out and just feels horribly sick.

34. Curious Incident Con’t • Hours and hours later, he arrives at his mother's apartment in London. She's living with Mr. Shears. Christopher tells her that his father said she was dead, and she's horrified to learn this. When Christopher's father comes to find him, she demands he leave and insists that poor Christopher can live with her. But Christopher is afraid of Mr. Shears, and is quite eager to go back home to take an important exam that will help him get into university.

35. Curious Incident Con’t • After about a week, he and his mom go back home, and Christopher takes the exam. His mother gets a job and a not-so-nice apartment, which Christopher hates. Meanwhile, his father tries very hard to earn back his trust. He buys him a puppy and Christopher begins spending some time at his house again. • He receives his exam results, and finds out that he got the best possible score. Having successfully traveled to London on his own, and solved the mystery of who killed the dog, he's sure he can do anything…

36. Christopher Boone • He knows all the countries of the world and their capital cities and every prime number up to 7057" (3.1). • Then he shows us some pictures of faces (happy faces, sad faces, angry faces) that a woman called Siobhan showed him some years before. • He explains that he has a difficult time differentiating between them. • Christopher is frightened by her screams: he places his hands over his ears, rolls into a ball, and lies down on the grass. “Groaning” is a common response for Christopher when there is too much information from the outside world trying to reach him. It is like “white noise” which is calming…

37. Christopher Boone Con’t • "This is a murder mystery novel," Christopher announces (7.1). • Siobhan had told him to write something he would like to read himself, and he likes murder mystery novels (particularly the Sherlock Holmes ones). Siobhan is someone that Christopher connects with. She helps him understand his thoughts, suggests he should take his A-level maths. She strongly opposes the idea of him going out and searching for his mother. • His reasons for writing a murder mystery novel are: (1) he likes dogs; (2) he wants to write about something that really happened to him, because he has a hard time imagining things, (3) he doesn't know any people who have been murdered and (4) he also mentions that some dogs are "more clever and more interesting" than some people.

38. Christopher Boone Con’t • Christopher tells us that this book won't include any jokes because he doesn't understand them. • Christopher likes the police, because they "have uniforms and numbers and you know what they are meant to be doing" (11.1). • Now Christopher explains why he never lies – it isn't because he doesn't want to, it's just that he doesn't know how. • A lie, he explains, is something that didn't really happen. And when he tries to think about something that didn't really happen, he starts thinking about all the infinite possibilities for things that didn't really happen. And it makes him feel "shaky and scared" (37.4).

39. Christopher Boone Con’t • He explains the difference between a "Good Day" and a "Quite Good Day" and a "Super Good Day" (which are, of course, all awesome); and a "Black Day" ("a day when I don't speak to anyone and sit on my own reading books and don't eat my lunch and Take No Risks" [47.2]). Long story short: the quality of the day depends on which cars he sees while he's riding the bus. Red cars are good; yellow cars are bad. • He is told his mother died suddenly of a heart attack, His father explains mother dies two weeks later. He never got to see her in the hospital, but his father had been in to see her, and brought her the card Christopher made for her.

40. Christopher Boone Con’t • His dad says she died of a heart attack, which surprises Christopher because she was only thirty-eight years old and very healthy. He asks what kind of heart attack it was, but his father tells him that it's not the time to ask questions like that. • He says that when people tell you to do something, it can be confusing because they often use metaphors or just aren't specific enough. (For example, instead of a sign reading "KEEP OFF THE GRASS," he would prefer a sign reading "KEEP OFF ALL THE GRASS IN THIS PARK" [59.2], so it's clear that he can walk on other areas of grass in the world.) This is one of the reasons why he does not understand sometimes what his father means when he tells him not to do something – which ties in to one of the main themes – communication. His teacher Siobhan understands, and always gives him very specific instructions, but no one else does. And anyway, most people break rules themselves (especially Christopher's father). Maps and diagrams in the novel which Christopher provides for us define his character, help to develop the plot and provides us with a visual picture of the setting.

41. Christopher Boone Con’t • In order to highlight Christopher’s character and provide the reader with information with Christopher condition, Haddon uses vulgar words (swearing) to show us the connection between language and character development and to emphasize his thought process and syndrome. • Christopher sets out to do some more detective work. He decides to ask his neighbors if they might know something about who killed Wellington. • Usually he doesn't like talking to strangers – not because it's dangerous, but because he just doesn't like people he doesn't know. That is why he carries his Swiss Army knife.

42. Christopher Boone Con’t • His investigation is slowed by his father who keeps telling him to stop. When his father finds out that he has lied – he gets frustrated and he grabs Christopher roughly by the arm, something he's never done before. (Christopher says his mother used to hit him sometimes, but his father is more patient than she was.) Christopher doesn't like being grabbed, so he starts hitting his father. And then he blacks out. • Christopher does not give up there. When his father is away he looks for his book in his father’s bedroom and finds it along with a dozen letters – all addressed to him. He finds out that mother is alive and has been writing to him all this time. His father admits his mistake and tells him he killed Wellington.

43. Christopher Boone Con’t • After the revelation Christopher is scared and runs away from his father. His journey takes him far beyond any place he has been and tests his greatest fears; many people, talking to strangers, travelling and being in crowded places. At one point in the journey – Christopher has to escape a policeman and hid in the baggage compartment in order to avoid detection! His journey helps him to grow – that is to ignore things that bother him, solve problems and persevere in unpredictable situations.

44. Persuasive Paragraph Formula Topic Sentence Thesis Three (3) main points Point 1 Proof 1 Analysis 1 Point 2 Proof 2 Analysis 2 Point 3 Proof 3 Analysis 3

45. Persuasive Paragraph Examine Romeo and Juliet and Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time and explain how both these examples represent maturation and change

46. News Report • The purpose of a news report is to inform. We rely on news reports to find out what's going on around the world and in our own community. Most news reports • have a headline that tells the topic • answer the questions Who? What? When? Where? Why? and How? (critical to include all these!!) • give the most important information first, followed by less important details • include quotations from experts and people involved in the event

47. In the News Report… • Get the facts and make sure they are correct • Carefully select quotations that accurately represent the person's point of view • Remember - a good news report is concise. It communicates ideas using as few words as possible

48. The News Report Step by Step

49. Sample News Report

50. Sample News Report Con’t