Imperialism

1. Imperialism R. M. Tolles APUSH – Unit 7A

2. The Three Themes –POWERMONEYEQUALITY (or lack their of)Think of any event in U.S. History and it can be evaluated using this process. To be a Patriot, a Participant, and a Citizen – it is your responsibility to be vigilant, responsive, and reflective about your country past, present, and future.

3. What is it? • Imperialism is a nation’s possession of foreign colonies or territories whose assets it uses and controls for its own benefit. • By the 1800s, most of the industries that Europe needed were already built, leaving little investment opportunities.* • American Businesses were hurt by tariffs which had reduced trade amongst industrialized nations, so they went looking for new markets, ones they could control.* • Protectorates – the imperial power protects the local government from rebellion and other countries • John Fiske – “Anglo-Saxonism” idea that English speaking people are better than others and thus should take care of them – like a big brother.

4. A Modern U.S. Navy • Captain Alfred T. Mahan – The Influence of Sea power Upon History, 1660-1783 • Created the theory of Global Power • Large mobile, modern navy = spheres of influence. • Support for a large navy grew because Americans did not want to be shut out of foreign markets.*

5. Key Terms • Protectorates – the imperial power protects the local Government from rebellion and other countries • Spheres of Influence – areas where the foreign powers controlled economic development such as railroad or mining • Great White Fleet – fleet of new US modern warships which made up the US Navy • Open Door Policy – all countries should have the right to trade, mainly applied to china after the Boxer Rebellion.

6. Political Influence • Navy needed bases of operation and refueling. • Backed by powerful senators – Henry Cabot Lodge and Albert Beveridge. • Expand American markets and influence, not conquest* • American shifted form isolationism to imperialism because of the increase need for overseas markets* • Social Darwinism – stronger nations should dominate and protect lesser ones.*

7. Alaska • Sec. Seward purchased it form the Russians • Later discovered gold, but before that people believed it was a miss use – thus Seward’s Folly* • Klondike Gold Rush and later the Yukon Gold Rush • Discovery of Oil in the later part of the century.

8. US – Bases of Refueling • U.S. also wanted to expand in the 1890s, based on the theories put forth by Mahan • Annexed Midway Island as refueling depots for expanded for expanded navy • Built coaling stations on Samoan Islands

9. Hawaii • McKinley Tariff (1890): gave sugar subsides to sugar producers in the US – caused American sugar producers in Hawaii to decline • 1891 – Queen Liliuokalani became Queen, disliked American Business men.

10. United Fruit Company – Dole? • 1893 – American business leaders went after the Queen.* • US Marines called into support, over threw the Queen, basically took Hawaii by force.*

12. U.S. Actions in Japan • Pres. Pierce (1852) wanted to expand Chinese and Japanese markets • Sent Commodore Mathew Perry to negotiate trade with Japanese and force them to trade with the US – “The Great White Fleet”.* • Perry impressed them with a show of force. • Japan quickly modernized and by the 1980s had built a modern strong navy and were expanding in to Asia and other Pacific locations. • As a result of their new navy, Japan went to war and took territory in Manchuria.*

13. Perry meets with Emperor

14. Trade or eggs won’t be the only thing rolling! Egg rolls, yuck – I need a good cheese burger. Did he just make a joke about an egg roll? Sure, as long as you teach us how to blow you up later.

15. Yellow Journalism • Yellow Journalism – Journalism with the intent to persuade or high light atrocities. • Joseph Pulitzer – New York World, war to sell the most newspapers • William Randolph Hurst – New York Journal, competition with Pulitzer • Support for the rebels in Cuba was fueled by these sensationalized stories.*

16. Jose Marti • Jose Marti – Cuban rebel who reported on the Spanish atrocities • Gave information to both Hearst and Pulitzer to increase American Jingoism through Yellow Journalism. • The passage of a tariff on sugar by the US had hurt the Cuban economy and relations with the US*

17. Jingoism – technique used to stir public sentiment, an extreme belief that one’s own country is the best

18. U.S.S. Maine Sent to evacuate Americans if necessary, not to start a war!*

19. Spanish Mine!?!

20. 266 Americans Killed!

22. Spanish American War • USS Maine exploded – Spanish blamed • Jingoism led to the rise in tensions and the outcry for war. • Public criticism of President McKinley as weak by the Spanish Ambassador angered many Americans • Pres. McKinley did not want to go to war, but after the USS Maine exploded, he asked Congress for a declaration of war.

23. Cuba blockaded by US Navy American Military, first time Southerners and Northerners worked together in the same Army since the Civil War “Rough Riders” Spanish Surrendered in August, 1898. Treaty of Paris (1899) –US would free Cuba, and annex Guam and Puerto Rico* – paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines War in Cuba

24. Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

25. Cuba and the Future… • Platt Amendment: 1. Cuba could not make a treaty with any other countries. 2. US buy or lease Naval Bases – Guatanemo Bay 3. US had a right to view Cuba as a protectorate. Effectively made Cuba into a protectorate.*

26. Philippines – Spanish American War • Commodore Dewey – destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay • US fighting along side rebel Emilio Aquinaldo led to treaty. Aquinaldo though US would give them independence. US had other plans. • Aquinaldo – jailed, and Philippine became an American Protectorate • Currently the Philippines is an independent country*

27. Philippines Continued Taft became US governor and improved Philippino conditions • Supporters for control of the islands wanted it for: military bases, markets, teach the uncivilized* • Later, US would grant the Philippine independence in 1946 • Annexation of Pacific Islands was also seen as part of the Monroe Doctrine.* • Americans were convinced that is was the US’s destiny to spread the virtues of their institutions*

28. U.S. Actions in Latin America • Secretary of State – James G. Blaine (1889) invited Latin American Countries to come to the Pan-American Conference. • At the first conference, US wanted a customs union, which would reduce tariffs*, but this did not pass. • Discussed increase trade, new markets, and protection. • Agreed to create an organization called the Organization of American States, became known as Pan-Americanism • 1901 – Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – US and Britain would build a canal through the Caribbean. • Intervention into Mexico’s internal problems – Pancho Villa

30. Panama Canal • Pres. Teddy Roosevelt wanted a Canal to link the Atlantic and the Pacific for trade and security – the need was demonstrated by the problems of the Spanish American War.* • Using US warships, help Panamanian Rebels declare independence from Colombia. • Panamanians then gave TR permission to build the canal. • Panama became a US protectorate under the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

31. Roosevelt Corollary and Dollar Diplomacy • 1904, issued the Roosevelt Corollary, which stated that the US would intervene in Latin America to Maintain stability. – Later called Dollar Diplomacy • Example: When US Marines were used as custom agents in the Dominican Republic* • Dollar Diplomacy – controlling the economy of protectorates through aid

32. Panama was chosen, but Nicaragua was also considered.*

34. Open Door Policy • Boxer rebellion in China – the Boxers were trying to win Manchurian independence.* • Hurt economic trade amongst the imperialistic countries of the west. • Open Door Policy – ensure trade rights for all nations in China, and so he US didn’t get left out.*

35. Imperialistic and Progressive Presidents