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Combining minds:

Combining minds: . Harnessing social collaboration for sensemaking. Aniket Kittur Ph.D. | UCLA Post-doc | Carnegi e Mellon. 1,000,000,000,000,000,000. 7. 7. 4. Halford et al., 1998; Miller, 1956 . Economy.

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Combining minds:

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  1. Combining minds: • Harnessing social collaboration for sensemaking Aniket Kittur Ph.D. | UCLA Post-doc | Carnegie Mellon

  2. 1,000,000,000,000,000,000

  3. 7

  4. 7 4 Halford et al., 1998; Miller, 1956

  5. Economy “financial products so complex that, to this day, few people understand how they work, or what the consequences of their imploding value will be.” • Salon.com, 2008

  6. Government "If a nation expects to be ignorant and free in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be." Jefferson, 1816

  7. Finding Filtering Understanding Integrating Deciding Pirolli & Card, 2005; Russell et al., 1993; Takayama & Card, 2008

  8. Research overview

  9. Research overview Learning abstract concepts Modeling human memory Augmenting individual sensemaking

  10. Research overview Understanding social collaboration Augmenting social collaboration systems

  11. Large scale social collaboration • Advantages • Solve problems too large for individual cognition • Work of individuals benefit group • Aggregating decisions -> better outcomes (Benkler, 2002; Golder & Huberman, 2006; Grudin, 1994; Raymond, 1999)

  12. History Sir Francis Galton

  13. History Sir Francis Galton

  14. History Sir Francis Galton

  15. History Sir Francis Galton

  16. Online collective intelligence • Predicting: Iowa Electronic Market • Filtering: Digg, Reddit • Organizing: del.icio.us • Recommending: netflix, amazon product reviews

  17. Common assumptions • Independent judgments • Automatic aggregation

  18. Complex information processing • Independent judgments and automatic aggregation are not enough • Scientists collaborating on a new discovery • Detectives cooperating to track serial killer • Volunteers writing encyclopedia • Need to coordinate, build consensus • Coordination is the norm, not the exception

  19. Research question How do we harness the power of the crowd for complex tasks that involve coordination?

  20. Why study Wikipedia? • May have thousands of individuals involved in a single sensemaking task • Integrating many conflicting sources into an article • Many tasks require high coordination • Planning an article • Building consensus on what should be included • Organizing and structuring • Resolving conflicts • Achieving neutral point of view • Full history available (200+ million edits, 2.5+TB)

  21. Article

  22. Discussion

  23. Discussion

  24. Edit history

  25. Edit history

  26. Roadmap • Understanding coordination • Characterizing coordination [CHI 07] • Coordination and quality [CSCW 08] • Augmenting social collaboration • Conflict [CHI 07][VAST 07] • Trust [CHI 08][CSCW 08] • Future directions Collaborators: Robert Kraut (CMU), Bryant Lee (CMU), Bryan Pendleton (CMU) Ed Chi (PARC), Bongwon Suh (PARC)

  27. Coordination costs • Increasing contributors incurs process losses (Boehm, 1981; Steiner, 1972) • Diminishing returns with added people (Hill, 1982; Sheppard, 1993) • Super-linear increase in communication pairs • Linear increase in added work • In the extreme, costs may exceed benefits to quality (Brooks, 1975) • The more you can support coordination, the more benefits from adding people “Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later” Brooks, 1975

  28. Research question To what degree are editors in Wikipedia working independently versus coordinating?

  29. Research infrastructure • Analyzed entire history of Wikipedia • Every edit to every article • Large dataset (as of 2008) • 10+ million pages • 200+ million revisions • 2.5+ Tb • Used distributed processing • Hadoop distributed filesystem • Map/reduce to process data in parallel • Reduce time for analysis from weeks to hours

  30. Types of work Direct work Editing articles Indirect work User talk, creating policy Maintenance work Reverts, vandalism

  31. Less direct work • Decrease in proportion of edits to article page 70%

  32. More indirect work • Increase in proportion of edits to user talk 8%

  33. More indirect work • Increase in proportion of edits to user talk • Increase in proportion of edits to policy pages 11%

  34. More maintenance work • Increase in proportion of edits that are reverts 7%

  35. More wasted work • Increase in proportion of edits that are reverts • Increase in proportion of edits reverting vandalism 1-2%

  36. Global level • Coordination costs are growing • Less direct work (articles) • More indirect work (article talk, user, procedure) • More maintenance work (reverts, vandalism) Kittur, Suh, Pendleton, & Chi, 2007

  37. Roadmap • Understanding coordination • Characterizing coordination [CHI 07] • Coordination and quality [CSCW 08] • Augmenting social collaboration • Conflict [CHI 07][VAST 07] • Trust [CHI 08][CSCW 08] • Future directions Collaborators: Robert Kraut (CMU), Bryant Lee (CMU), Bryan Pendleton (CMU) Ed Chi (PARC), Bongwon Suh (PARC)

  38. Coordination types • Explicit coordination • Direct communication among editors planning and discussing article • Implicit coordination • Division of labor and workgroup structure • Concentrating work in core group of editors Leavitt, 1951; March & Simon, 1958; Malone, 1987; Rouse et al., 1992; Thompson, 1967

  39. Explicit coordination: “Music of Italy” planning

  40. Explicit coordination: “Music of Italy” coverage

  41. Explicit coordination: “Music of Italy” readability

  42. Coordination types • Explicit coordination • Direct communication among editors planning and discussing article • Implicit coordination • Division of labor and workgroup structure • Concentrating work in core group of editors Leavitt, 1951; March & Simon, 1958; Malone, 1987; Rouse et al., 1992; Thompson, 1967

  43. Implicit coordination: “Music of Italy”

  44. Implicit coordination: “Music of Italy” TUF-KAT: Set scope and structure

  45. Implicit coordination: “Music of Italy” Filling in by many contributors

  46. Implicit coordination: “Music of Italy” Restructuring by Jeffmatt

  47. Research question • What factors lead to improved quality? • Adding editors • Explicit coordination (communication) • Implicit coordination (concentration)

  48. Wilkinson & Huberman, 2007 • Examined featured articles vs. non-featured articles • Controlling for PageRank (i.e., popularity) • Featured articles = more edits, more editors • More work, more people => better outcomes

  49. Difficulties with generalizing results • Cross-sectional analysis • Reverse causation: articles that become featured may subsequently attract more people • Coarse quality metrics • Fewer than 2000 out of >2,000,000 articles are featured • Stringent, non-representative peer-review process

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