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Infant & Toddler Development Part 7: Parenting & Child Care

Infant & Toddler Development Part 7: Parenting & Child Care. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Core In-Service December 8, 2008 10:00-11:30 a.m. Debbie Richardson Parenting Assistant Extension Specialist Human Development & Family Science Oklahoma State University . Introduction.

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Infant & Toddler Development Part 7: Parenting & Child Care

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  1. Infant & Toddler DevelopmentPart 7: Parenting & Child Care Oklahoma Cooperative Extension ServiceCore In-Service December 8, 2008 10:00-11:30 a.m. Debbie Richardson Parenting Assistant Extension Specialist Human Development & Family Science Oklahoma State University Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  2. Introduction Welcome Centra Instructions Overview of In-service Resource Materials Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  3. In-Service Objective Extension Educators will be able to identify important roles, influences, and considerations of parenting and child care in the development of infants and toddlers (birth to 3 years). Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  4. Parenting Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  5. Parenting Pyramid Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  6. Stages of Parenthood • Image-making • Nurturing • Authority • Interpretive • Independent • Departure • Pregnancy • Birth – 2 • 2 – 5 years • Preschool-12 years • Teenage years • Child leaves home Galinsky, 1987 Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  7. Major Aspects Parenting Behavior • Love • Warmth • Nurturance • Discipline • Control Parental Responsiveness Parental Demandingness Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  8. Parenting Styles • Indulgent – permissive, nondirective, more responsive than demanding. • Authoritarian – autocratic, highly demanding and directive but not responsive. • Authoritative – both demanding and responsive, supportive rather than punitive. • Uninvolved – unengaged, low responsiveness and low demanding. Baumrind, 1991 Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  9. Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  10. Attachment Revisited • Emotional bond between infant and a caregiver; mutual, reciprocal relationship. • Gradually develops - usually formed by 7 mos. • Early experiences influence sense of control, security, self-worth. • Repeated daily transactions between infant and parent lead the infant to develop expectations about caregiving. Sense whether caregiver is predictable, responsive, and available to meet needs. • Infants need safe, secure, stable caregiving. Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  11. Early Bonds are Beneficial • Infants/toddlerswith close, positive, and mutually responsive bond with mother during first 2 years are better able to follow mother’s requests not to do something and control their actions at age 4 than do childrenwithout parental bond. • Such bonds include coordinated routines, mutual cooperation, harmonious communication, and sharing positive emotions and interactions. • Found the need for forceful discipline was reduced. • Similar findings for father-child link, yet reasons less clear. Kochanska, Aksan, Prisco, & Adams (2008) Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  12. Fathers • A father’s presence during first years provides tremendous benefits to their child’s development. • It is important for dads to be involved in all aspects of care including feeding, bathing, dressing, playing and other parental responsibilities. Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  13. Fathers’ Influences • Fathers contribute to their child’s development in ways that are unique from mothers. • Fathers tend to interact more around physical play, while mothers use more verbal expression and teaching activities. • Fathers can also be sensitive and responsive with their infants and young children. Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  14. Benefits of Dad’s Involvement • be more social • handle stress easier • have higher cognitive development, IQs • longer attention spans • be eager to learn • have more self-control • be confident in their individuality and values • develop greater empathy • engage in less risky behavior later in childhood &adolescence Children with involved fathers tend to: Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  15. Effective Parenting • Mentor child to support and encourage exploration, development & desired behaviors; guide & limit. • Monitor child’s contact with surrounding world; protection, safety. • Model behavior to provide a consistent, positive example. • Respond to child in an appropriate manner; communicate. • Prevent risky behavior & problems before they arise. Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  16. Having a Baby… • Changes every part of parents’ lives, including their relationship to each other. • Many times, one or both parents have a hard time adjusting to all the changes. • Parents should know that their emotional health has a big impact on their child’s emotional health. • Getting help right away is best to ensure the child’s and parents’ well-being. Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  17. Infants & Toddlers Need… …to spend positive, engaging, playful time with their parents each day. • This special time allows parents to bond with children, learn what makes them smile or laugh, what kinds of noises they respond to, how they respond, what feelings they convey. • Early & consistent parent-child communication is essential to forming attachments, building better emotional, intellectual, and social development. • Also lets kids learn about their parents’ expressions, body language, voice tone. Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  18. Infants & Toddlers Need… • Family reading is related to better reading comprehension and greater school success. • Reading to child improves his/her emergent literacy – the knowledge that words printed in books have meaning, recognizing letters and sounds. Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  19. Divorce & Other Stressors Infants and toddlers… • Pick up on changes in parents’ feelings and behavior. • Have little control over their own emotions. Their feelings are influenced by their parents’ feelings. • May act more fussy, difficult to comfort, seem uninterested when parents are upset. • Infants don’t understand things & people they can’t see still exist; short-term memory. • Importance of bonds and attachments. • Fears and anxieties especially with unfamiliar people or surroundings. Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

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  21. Influence of Child Care on Development • Quality, quantity, and type of childcare are modestly linked to the developmentof children up to age 4 ½. • Children who received higher vs. lower quality child care were: • Better able to think, respond, and interact with world around them. • Somewhat better reading and math skills. NICHD, 2006 Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  22. Time in Child Care Children who spent 30 or more hours in child care each week vs. fewer hours: • Showed somewhat more problem behavior in child care & Kindergarten (but not at home.) • Had more episodes of minor illness. NICHD, 2006 Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  23. Type of Child Care Children who attended child care centers vs. children in other types of settings: • Had somewhat better language and social skills and better pre-academic skills involving letters and numbers. • Showed somewhat more problem behavior at school-entry. NICHD, 2006 Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  24. Infant Care Maternal Employment • Children with mothers working full-time in first year scored somewhat lower on cognitive development at age 3 than non-employed mothers. • However, no difference if home environment and mothers’ sensitivity rated highly and child was in above-average quality care. Brooks-Gunn, Wen-Jui, & Waldfogel, 2002 Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  25. Attachment & Child Care • Quality of child’s attachment to the mother does not predict quality of child’s attachment to the alternative caregiver. • A child with insecure maternal attachment may have a secure attachment relationship with other caregiver. • Positive relationships with infant child caregivers may compensate for insecure maternal attachments. Howes, Rodning, Galluzzo, & Myers, 1988 Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  26. Child Care Environment Critical Elements Several features of environment are linked to caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness: • Formal training in child development • Low adult-child ratio • Safe and appropriate environments Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  27. Infants & Toddlers in High Quality Child Care …are more likely than children in low quality care to: • Be securely attached to caregivers. • Engage in competent social interaction with adults and peers. • Self-regulate. • Have higher language and cognitive scores. • More standards child care met, better children do. Howes et al., 1988; Howes & Stewart, 1987; Howes & Olenick, 1986; NICHD, 2006 Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  28. Parent & Family Influencesand Child Care • Parent and family features 2-3 times more strongly linked to child development than child care during preschool years. • Children did better when: • Parents more educated • Family incomes higher • Mothers had fewer or no symptoms of depression • Mothers more sensitive, responsive, attentive • Had well-organized routines • Families had books, play materials, took part in learning. NICHD, 2006 Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  29. Child Care + Family Environment • Combination of child care and family influences best predicts the social development of the infant. • Infants & toddlers in high quality care and cared for by families low in stress, high in social support, and using developmentally appropriate child rearing are more socially competent, better adjusted. Howes & Olenick, 1986; Howes & Stewart, 1987; Howes, 1988 Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  30. What Research on Child CareTells Us • Overall, quality of child care is more critical than quantity of time. • Although links exist between child care features and child development, the quality of interactions between mothers and children more important for child’s development. • Evidence does not suggest that early child care per se is detrimental to child’s future social and emotional development. • Concerns for child who experiences insensitive care both at home and in child care. Howes, 1991; NICHD, 2006 Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  31. Vignettes Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  32. A Few Extension Resources • Various OCES fact sheets on child care & parenting http://osufacts.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/View/Collection-370\ • Just in Time Parenting , Extension age-paced newsletters and other resources http://www.parentinginfo.org • National Network for Child Care, Extension sponsored resources http://www.nncc.org Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  33. Final Wrap-Up • Questions • Discussion • In-service evaluation • Reference/Resource List & Bibliography Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

  34. References • Available separately and upon request. Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson

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