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Understanding the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and Methods for IT Acquisition

This chapter explores the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), a traditional framework used for large-scale IT projects, detailing its six stages: Systems Investigation, Analysis, Design, Programming and Testing, Implementation, and Operation & Maintenance. It discusses the advantages and limitations of SDLC, including control and error detection, while also highlighting its inflexibility and time-consuming nature. Additionally, the chapter covers alternative methods for systems development, IT acquisition options, and the vendor selection process, providing a comprehensive guide for effective information systems management.

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Understanding the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and Methods for IT Acquisition

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  1. CHAPTER 12, Part 2 Acquiring Information Systems and Applications

  2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Describe the SDLC, and discuss its advantages and limitations. • Identify the major alternative methods and tools for building information systems. • List the major IT acquisition options and the criteria for option selection. • Discuss the process of vendor and software selection.

  3. Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle • Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the traditional systems development method that organizations use for large-scale IT projects.

  4. Six-Stage Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) with Supporting Tools Business Need Systems Investigation Deliverable: Go/No Go Decision Systems Analysis Deliverable: User Requirement Systems Design Deliverable: Technical Specification Programming and Testing Deliverable: Error-free System Implement System Deliverable: Use of the System Operation & Maintenance Deliverable: Continued System Use

  5. Traditional SDLC Processes • Systems investigation • Systems analysis • Systems design • Programming and testing • Implementation • Operation and maintenance

  6. The SDLC • Major advantages • Control • Accountability • Error detection • Major drawbacks • Relatively inflexible • Time-consuming and expensive • Discourages changes once user requirements are done

  7. SDLC – Systems Investigation • Begins with the business problem (or opportunity) • Main action: feasibility analysis/study • Deliverable:Go/No-Go Decision • OPTION 1: Do nothing and continue to use the existing system unchanged. • OPTION 2: Modify or enhance the existing system. • OPTION 3: Develop a new system.

  8. Feasibility Study • Technical feasibility • Economic feasibility • Behavioral feasibility

  9. SDLC – System Analysis • Examination of the business problem found during System Investigation. • Main action: gather information about the existing system or methods and to determine requirements for anew or improved system. • Deliverable:a set of system requirements, also called user requirements.

  10. SDLC – Systems Design • Describes how the system will accomplish this task. • Deliverable: technical design that specifies: • System outputs, inputs, user interfaces. • Hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, personnel & procedures. • Blueprint of how these components are integrated. • Danger: scope creep (adding functions after the project has been initiated)

  11. SDLC – Programming & Testing • Programming involves the translation of a system’s design specification into computer code. • Testing checks to see if the computer code will produce the expected and desired results under certain conditions. • Testing is designed to delete errors (bugs) in the computer code. • Deliverable: an error-free System that solves the business problem at hand.

  12. SDLC – Systems Implementation • Implementation or deployment is the process of converting from the old system to the new system. • Involvesthree major conversion strategies: • Direct Conversion • Pilot Conversion • Phased Conversion • Parallel Conversion • Deliverable:organization-wide use of the new System

  13. SLDC – Operation & Maintenance • Audits are performed to assess the system’s capabilities and to determine if it is being used correctly. • Systems need several types of maintenance. • Debugging • Updating • Maintenance • Deliverable:continued use of the new System.

  14. Alternative Methods & Tools for Systems Development • Prototyping • Rapid application development (RAD) • End-user development • Component-based development • Object-oriented development

  15. Vendor & Software Selection • Step 1: Identify potential vendors. • Step 2: Determine the evaluation criteria. • Request for proposal (RFP) • Step 3: Evaluate vendors and packages. • Step 4: Choose the vendor and package • Step 5: Negotiate a contract. • Step 6: Establish a Service Level Agreement (SLA).

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