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Internet Protocols

Internet Protocols. Chapter III. Contents. TCP/IP and the DoD Model Protocol Header Layers IP Addressing Broadcast Address ICMP ARP IPv6. TCP/IP and the DoD Model. DoD Model Process/Application layer Host-to-Host layer Internet layer Network Access layer. Describe TCP/IP Model.

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Internet Protocols

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  1. Internet Protocols Chapter III

  2. Contents • TCP/IP and the DoD Model • Protocol Header Layers • IP Addressing • Broadcast Address • ICMP • ARP • IPv6

  3. TCP/IP and the DoD Model • DoD Model • Process/Application layer • Host-to-Host layer • Internet layer • Network Access layer

  4. Describe TCP/IP Model

  5. Explain protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation

  6. Describe the process of sending and receiving messages

  7. Compare OSI and TCP/IP model

  8. Explain how labels in encapsulation headers are used to manage communication in data networks

  9. The TCP/IP protocol suite

  10. Telnet FTP TFTP NFS SMTP LPD X Window SNMP DNS DHCP/BootP The Process/Application Layer Protocols

  11. The Host-to-Host Layer Protocols • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

  12. TCP Segment Format

  13. TCP header details (I) • source, destination port:16,16 - identify applications at ends of the connection • sequence:32 - indicates 1st data octet in this segment • acknowledgment:32 - next expected sequence number, valid only when the ACK bit (reside in flag) is set

  14. TCP header details (II) • data offset:4 - 32 bit words offset tells the receiver where user data begins • reserved:6 -not used • flag:6 • URG : validity of urgent pointer field • ACK : validity of acknowledge field • PSH : push request (pass segment to appl layer immediately) • RST : reset the connection • SYN : initial synchronization • FIN : sender at end of byte stream

  15. TCP header details (III) • window:16 - advertise amount of buffer space this node has allocated • checksum:16 - 16 bits 1’s complement of pseudo header, TCP header and data • urgent pointer:16 - byte position of data that should be processed first • options - variable length option e.g. MSS (max segment size) tells destination node

  16. UDP Segment Format

  17. UDP Header

  18. UDP pseudo Header

  19. Key Concepts of Host-to-Host Protocols

  20. Port numbers for TCP and UDP

  21. Key Protocols That Use TCP and UDP

  22. The Internet Layer Protocols • Internet Protocol (IP) • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) • Network Access / Internet Layer • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) • Proxy ARP

  23. IP header

  24. IP Header (I)

  25. IP Header (2)

  26. IP Header (3)

  27. The Protocol field in an IP header

  28. Possible Protocols Found in the Protocol Field of an IP Header

  29. Fragmentation

  30. Fragmentation Flag

  31. Fragmentation sample

  32. Problem in Fragmentation

  33. Avoiding Fragmentation

  34. Network Addressing • Network Address Range: Class A • 00000000 = 0 • 01111111 = 127 • Network Address Range: Class B • 10000000 = 128 • 10111111 = 191 • Network Address Range: Class C • 11000000 = 192 • 11011111 = 223

  35. Summary of the three classes of networks

  36. Broadcast Addresses • Layer 2 broadcasts These are sent to all nodes on a LAN. • Broadcasts (layer 3) These are sent to all nodes on the network. • Unicast These are sent to a single destination host. • Multicast These are packets sent from a single source, and transmitted to many devices on different networks.

  37. Layer 2 broadcasts • known as hardware broadcasts • they only go out on a LAN • The broadcast would be all 1s in binary and all Fs in hexadecimal, as in FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.

  38. Broadcasts (layer 3) • Broadcast messages are meant to reach all hosts on a broadcast domain. • example that you’re already familiar with: The network address of 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 would have a broadcast address of 172.16.255.255 • Broadcasts can also be “all networks and all hosts,” as indicated by 255.255.255.255. • A good example of a broadcast message is an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request.

  39. Part II

  40. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

  41. ICMP Header

  42. ICMP Types

  43. ICMP Types, cont.

  44. ICMP type 0/8 echo reply/request

  45. ICMP type 3 destination unreachable

  46. ICMP type 4 source quench

  47. ICMP type 5 route change request

  48. Local ARP broadcast

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