Migration and demography

1. Migration and demography

2. foundations • Hunter, gatherers • Pastoralists • Indo-Europeans—horses, chariots, iron, language • Bantu migration south and east in Africa—agriculture, fishing, herding, iron technology, bananas in heavy forest areas, language similarities • Steppe dwellers—herders, meat, milk, traded or raided for grain, metal, textiles • Oceania—arrived in Australia 60,000 years ago by watercraft or over land—not as much water yet—aboriginals hunter gathers until Europeans got there • Neolithic revolution—most dramatic increase in population growth • Xiongnu—challenged the Han, but many increasingly adapted to Chinese environment (169) • Germanic tribes move from south to edge of Roman empire—adapted, joined army ( 267) • Huns began aggressive westward migration from their homeland in Central Asia—attacked the Germans who attacked the Romans

3. 600-1450 • The Arabs migrate out of the Arabrian peninsula and settle in agricultural area • Vikings • Chinese move south and west in the Tang dynasty • Vikings sail into the Atlantic, down the rivers of Russia (slave trade with Byzantines), into England and France—after that raids began to taper off as the Vikings Christianized and settled down • Crusades • Trans Saharan trade and travel • Missionary travel by Buddhists, Christians and Sufis

4. 600-1450 • Population growth in Europe and China due to agricultural revolution with heavy plows, irrigation (China), organic fertilizers, fast ripening rice, horseshoes, draft animals, horse collars, expanded diet—veg., dairy, meat, peas and beans • Song dynasty cities over a million, Europe growing towns • Indian Ocean and Eurasian overland exchanges • 11th-15th century dominated by nomadic people—Turks and Mongols • Mongols built the largest empire in the world 1250-1350 (see 409 for general environmental conditions) • Turks move into Anatolia—moving towards the settled areas (411), Byzantine empire, and into Afghanistan, by 13th century into northwestern India—successful because military prowess • Plague—1340’s decline in population • Mexica, chichimecs, move into lake region of central Mexico—Toltecs and Aztecs • In the Pacific where islands were in close proximity there was exchange, but the more distant ones were isolated—but population growth in places like New Zealand and Hawaii

5. 1450-1750 • Overseas migration—voluntary and involuntary—Europeans and Africans • An end to large migrations by nomadic groups • Death from disease in Americas • Population doubling due to Columbian exchange, even growing in Africa despite losses from slave trade • Development of multiethnic and multiracial society in the Americas • Arrival of Europeans in Pacific—but few permanent settlements, natives in Guam died of smallpox when the Spanish took over the island,18th century missionaries, merchants, and planters start arriving in Pacific • Chinese expand into Manchuria, Mongolia and Tibet during Qing • Christian missionaries in China (Matteo Ricci) and in Japan during 1500’s • Ottoman expansion into Balkans, North Africa • Mughals—Islamic expansion into southern India, but few converts

6. 1750-1914 • Continued migration by Europeans to temperate zones in Americas, small numbers to Asia and African colonies—brought greater cultural, ethnic diversity to U.S., Canada, Argentina, Brazil, etc.—free cultivators, herders, or skilled laborers • Most Europeans from eastern, southern areas, Ireland, Jews • Slave trade ends in 1820’s and most abolish slavery in 1860’s • Indentured servants from Asia, Pacific and Africa to subtropics for plantations, North America for railroad construction, guano mining in Peru • Movement from rural to urban as result of industrial revolution • Demographic growth due to increasing variety and availability of food, also better hygiene and knowledge of disease in Europe and North America • Demographic transition—lower birth rates, lower death rates • Movement across continent of U.S., Canada, Argentina • Europeans flock to New Zealand and Australia –indigenous population died from smallpox and measles • Death of millions from famine in India, Taiping Rebellion in China

7. 1914 to present • wars, revolutions causes population losses, and forced and voluntary migration • Internal migration and international migration continues • Greater movement to cities, also movement to suburbs—75% live in cities in industrialized states • Urbanization in Africa, Latin America, South Asia—sometimes without corresponding industrialization • Leveling of population in industrialized world due to birth control • Population explosion in Asia—China, India and in Africa—average age under 15 • AIDS posing a major problem in Africa • Movement of American in dust bowl days of Depression • Genocides deplete selected populations • Continuing falling death rates especially in industrialized world • Mass tourism