19.3 Oil

1. 19.3 Oil Doris V. Ne’Shonda D.

2. Petroleum is taken from organic molecules created by living organisms millions of years ago and buried under sediments where high pressure and temperatures transformed them into energy-rich compounds • Petroleum deposits can be ,mixtures of oil, gas, and a solid tar-like material. • Oil and gas are often found under layers of shale and other sediments, mainly where folds and deformations create pockets that trap hydrocarbons

3. oil • Ultra deep wells have been drilled in the ocean under 10,000ft of water and on land 40,000ft below the surface • Directional drilling 3.75mi horizontally away from the original target, can create up to 50 wells with different directions and depths • ANWR(Artic National Wildlife Refuge) in Alaska claims that this will only impact 2% of the land surface during drilling • We only recover 30-40% of the oil in an area, because extraction reaches a point where it’s uneconomical to continue

4. Resources aren’t evenly distributed • There’s about 4 trillion barrels worth of oil in the world, half is recoverable • 465 billion barrels have already been consumed, as of 2006 28.5 billion barrels are consumed each year, at this rate there’s only enough to last about 40 years. • Saudi Arabia claims 262.7 billion barrels, almos ¼ of the total preserve. • 10 countries hold 84% of all known recoverable oil

6. Oil’s impacts • Advantages: • Relatively easy to attain • Cheap • generates electricity • Disadvantages: • Produce CO₂ emissions which contribute to global warming • oil spills can occur, wildlife is harmed • $250 billion are paid directly to oil producing countries each year • Oil Spills

7. How oil produces electricity • Conventional steam - Oil is burned to heat water to create steam to generate electricity. • Combustion turbine - Oil is burned under pressure to produce hot exhaust gases which spin a turbine to generate electricity. • Combined-cycle technology - Oil is first combusted in a combustion turbine, using the heated exhaust gases to generate electricity. After these exhaust gases are recovered, they heat water in a boiler, creating steam to drive a second turbine

9. Alaska’s Arctic Wildlife Refuge Home to an abundant amount of wildlife (e.g. caribou, waterfowl, polar bears, arctic wolves, etc) Might be the site of the last big, onshore liquid petroleum field in North America Estimated to contain 12 billion barrels of oil & several trillion cubic feet of gas Conservationist say that oil drilling would harm the area Oil company engineers claim that careless ways are no longer permitted in their operations

10. Alaska’s Arctic Wildlife Refuge

11. Tar Sands • Composed of sand & shale particles coated with bitumen, a viscous mixture of long chain hydrocarbons • Pros: cheap to extract, abundant source in Canada • Cons: typical plant produces 15 million m³ of toxic sludge, 500 tons of greenhouse gases, contaminates water, destroy boreal forests

12. Oil Shale • Not oil or shale, but finely grained sedimentary rock rich in solid organic material called kerogen • When heated to 480°C (900°F) the kerogen liquefies and can be extracted • Pros: might yield the equivalent of several trillion barrels of oil • Cons: produces lots of waste, it’s expensive, high potential for air and water pollution

13. Works cited • Coile, Zachary. 28 Aug 2005. “The Last Refuge.” Mindfully.org. 1 Feb 2012. http://www.mindfully.org/Energy/2005/Arctic-National-Wildlife-Refuge28aug05.htm • Klappenbach, Laura. 21 Dec 2005. “Senate Votes Against Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Drilling.” About.com. 1 Feb 2012. http://animals.about.com/b/2005/12/21/senate-votes-against-arctic-national-wildlife-refuge-drilling.htm • U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2010. “Oil (Petroleum).” Energy Kids. 1 Feb 2012. http://www.eia.gov/kids/contact.cfm#site_author.