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Understanding Urology: Kidney, Bladder & Nephron Functions

Explore the study of the urinary tract, nephrons, and urological terms, along with conditions and procedures related to kidneys, ureters, and renal pelvis. Learn about male reproductive system functions and terms like spermatozoa and testicular conditions.

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Understanding Urology: Kidney, Bladder & Nephron Functions

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  1. Unit 6 Urology and Gynecology

  2. Urology • Study of urinary tract • Forms urine from excess water and waste materials • Eliminates urine from body • ur/o = combining form

  3. Urinary System

  4. Urological Terms • ur/o/logist = physician specialist who treats male and female urinary systems and male reproductive system • ur/in/alysis = testing of urine • ur/o/pathy = any disease of urinary tract

  5. Urination Conditions

  6. Urination Conditions

  7. Kidneys • ren/o = combining form • renal = adjectival form • Examples: • ren/o/pathy = any kidney disease • ren/o/gram = x-ray record of kidney

  8. Terms with ren/o • reno/intestinal = pertaining to kidney and intestine • reno/gastric = pertaining to kidney and stomach

  9. Nephrons • Functional unit of kidney • Filter blood to remove waste and excess water • nephr/o = combining form • Also refers to kidney

  10. Kidney Conditions • nephr/itis = inflammation of kidney • nephr/o/ptosis = prolapse or displacement of kidney • Can occur from hard blow • Kidney belts protect

  11. Kidney Conditions • nephro/o/malac/ia = kidney softening • nephr/o/megaly = kidney enlargement • nephr/o/lith = stone in kidney

  12. Kidney Procedures • nephr/o/plasty = surgical repair of kidney • nephr/o/lysis = destruction of kidney tissue • nephr/o/rrhaphy = suturing of kidney • nephr/o/pexy = fixation of prolapsed kidney • -pexy = putting prolapsed organ back in place

  13. Renal Pelvis • Area at center of kidney where urine collects and is funneled into ureter • pyel/o = combining form

  14. Renal Pelvis Conditions • pyel/o/itis = inflammation of renal pelvis • pyel/o/nephr/itis = inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney

  15. Renal Pelvis Procedures • pyel/o/gram = x-ray of renal pelvis • Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) • pyel/o/plasty = surgical repair of renal pelvis

  16. Ureters • Tubes through which urine runs from kidney to bladder • ureter/o = combining form • Example: • ureter/o/pathy = any disease of ureter

  17. Ureteral Conditions • ureter/o/lith = stone in ureter • ureter/o/cele = herniation of ureter • ureter/o/py/osis = condition involving pus in ureter • ureter/o/pyel/itis = inflammation of ureter and renal pelvis

  18. Ureteral Procedures • ureter/o/rrhaphy = suturing of ureter • ureter/o/cyst/o/stomy = making new opening between ureter and bladder • ureter/o/pyel/o/plasty = surgical repair of ureter and bladder

  19. Urethra • urethr/o = combining form • Examples: • urethr/o/spasm = spasm of urethra • urethr/o/tomy = incision in urethra • urethr/o/rrhaphy = suturing of urethra

  20. Urethral Terms • urethr/o/rect/al = pertaining to urethra and rectum • urethr/o/vaginal = pertaining to urethra and vagina • urethr/o/cyst/itis = inflammation of urethra and vagina

  21. Animation Click Here to Play Urine Formation Animation

  22. Male Reproductive System

  23. Animation Click Here to Play Male Reproductive Animation

  24. Spermatozoa • Male germ cells • Origin • Greek • sperma = seed • spermat/o and sperm/o(i) = combining forms

  25. Spermatozoa • Examples: • spermat/o/genesis = formation of sperm • spermat/oid = resembling sperm • Terms for immature sperm: • spermat/o/blast • sperm/o/blast

  26. Spermatozoa • spermat/o/pathy = disease of sperm • spermat/o/cele = herniated saclike structure containing sperm • spermat/o/cyst = sac containing sperm

  27. Spermatozoa • Terms for destruction of sperm: • spermat/o/lysis • spermo/lysis • sperm/i/cide = agent used to kill sperm • -cide = kill or destroy

  28. Animation Click Here to Play Sperm Formation Animation

  29. Testes • testes = testicals • testis = singular form • testicular = adjectival form • Three combining forms: • orchid/o • orchi/o • orch/o

  30. Structures of the Testes

  31. Testicular Conditions • Terms for testicular pain: • orchid/algia • orchid/o/dynia • Examples: • orchid/o/cele = herniation of testicle • crypt/orchid/ism = undescended testicle • Occurs when testicle fails to drop from abdominal cavity around time of birth

  32. Testicular Conditions • Testicular cancer • Very serious condition • Occurs most frequently between ages 18 and 35 • Testicular self-exam (TSE) recommended

  33. Testicular Procedures • orchid/o/tomy = incision in testicles • orchid/o/plasty = surgical repair of testicles • orchi/o/pexy = surgery to correct cryptorchidism

  34. Prostate Gland • Secretes fluid that is added to sperm to create semen • prostat/o = combining form • protat/ic = adjectival form

  35. Enlarged Prostate • Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) • Enlargement of prostate • Causes: • Increase in number of cells • Aging

  36. Prostatic Conditions and Procedures • prostat/itis = inflammation of prostate gland • prostat/o/rrhea = abnormal flow or discharge in prostate gland • protat/algia = prostate pain • prostat/ectomy = removal of prostate gland

  37. Vas Deferens • Ducts or vessels that convey sperm from testicles to urethra • vas/o = combining form • Can be used to mean other types of vessels

  38. Vas Deferens Procedures • vas/o/tomy = incision in vas deferens • vas/o/rrhaphy = suturing of vas deferens • vas/o/stomy = creation of new opening in vas deferens • vas/ectomy = removal of segment of vas deferens • Procedure used for sterilization

  39. Semen • Fluid that contains sperm • Also known as seminal fluid • semin/o = combining form • Example: • semin/al vesicles = secrete fluid that combines with prostatic fluid and sperm

  40. Seminoma • Malignant neoplasm • Generated by spermatoblast cells in a testis • Occurs most often in young men

  41. Penis • pen/o = combining form • pen/ile = adjectival form • Example: • pen/itis = inflammation of penis

  42. Impotence • Inability to have erection • Causes: • Trauma • Prostatectomy • Diabetes • Penile implant • Device filled with fluid to produce erection

  43. Glans Penis • Structure at distal portion (far end) of penis • balan/o = combining form • Examples: • balan/itis = inflammation of glans penis • balan/o/rrhea = discharge of glans penis • balan/o/plasty = surgical repair of glans penis

  44. Scrotum • Saclike structure than contains testes • scrot/o = combining form • scrot/al = adjectival form • Example: • pen/o/scrot/al = pertaining to penis and scrotum

  45. Female Reproductive System

  46. Animation Click Here to Play Female Reproductive System Animation

  47. Gynecology • gynec/o/logy = study of functions and diseases of women • Especially female reproductive system • gynec/o/logic = pertaining to gynecology • gynec/o/logist = physician who specializes in female disorders

  48. Gynecology • gyn/o/pathy = any disease peculiar to women • gynec/oid = resembling women • gyn/e/phobia = abnormal fear of women

  49. Ovum • Mature female reproductive cell • Egg • ova = plural form • o/o = combining form

  50. Ovum • Example: • o/o/blast = embryonic egg cell • Cell that will become ovum • o/o/genesis = formation and development of ovum • Completed when ovum fertilized by spermatozoon

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