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Instructor ： Po-Yu Kuo 教師 ： 郭柏佑

EL 1009 計算機概論 ( 電子一 A). Introduction to Computer Science. Instructor ： Po-Yu Kuo 教師 ： 郭柏佑. Ch. 1 Introduction. World of Computing. Introduction to the World of Computing. Computer: electronic genius? NO! Electronic idiot! Does exactly what we tell it to do, nothing more.

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Instructor ： Po-Yu Kuo 教師 ： 郭柏佑

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  1. EL 1009 計算機概論 (電子一A) Introduction to Computer Science Instructor：Po-Yu Kuo 教師：郭柏佑 Ch. 1 Introduction

  2. World of Computing

  3. Introduction to the World of Computing • Computer: electronic genius? • NO! Electronic idiot! • Does exactly what we tell it to do, nothing more. • Goal of the course: • You will be able to write programs in Cand understand what’s going on underneath. • Approach: • Build understanding from the bottom up. • Bits  Gates  Processor  Instructions  C Programming

  4. Two Recurring Themes • Abstraction • Productivity enhancer – don’t need to worry about details… • Can drive a car without knowing howthe internal combustion engine works. • …until something goes wrong! • Where’s the dipstick? What’s a spark plug? • Important to understand the components andhow they work together. • Hardware vs. Software • It’s not either/or – both are components of a computer system. • Even if you specialize in one, you should understand capabilities and limitations of both.

  5. Big Idea #1: Universal Computing Device • All computers, given enough time and memory,are capable of computing exactly the same things. = = PDA Workstation Supercomputer

  6. Big Idea #1: Universal Computing Device • Application of Computing Device. Smart Phone Bluetooth Device IPad Digital Camera IPod

  7. Big Idea #1: Universal Computing Device • Game Console. Play Station 4 XBOX ONE

  8. Turing Machine Tmul Tadd a,b ab a,b a+b Turing machine that multiplies Turing machine that adds • Mathematical model of a device that can performany computation – Alan Turing (1937) • ability to read/write symbols on an infinite “tape”. • state transitions, based on current state and symbol • Every computation can be performed by some Turing machine. (Turing’s thesis)

  9. Universal Turing Machine U Tadd, Tmul a,b,c c(a+b) Universal Turing Machine • A machine that can implement all Turing machines-- this is also a Turing machine! • inputs: data, plus a description of computation (other TMs) • U is programmable– so is a computer! • instructions are part of the input data. • a computer can emulate a Universal Turing Machine. • A computer is a universal computing device.

  10. From Theory of Practice

  11. From Theory of Practice • In theory, computer can compute any thing that’s possible to compute. • given enough memory and time • In practice, solving problems involves computing under constraints. • Time • weather forecast, next frame of animation... • Cost • cell phone, automotive engine controller, ... • Power • cell phone, handheld video game, ...

  12. Big Idea #2: Transformations Between Layers Problems Algorithms Language Instruction Set Architecture Microarchitecture Circuits Devices

  13. How do we solve a problem using a computer? • A systematic sequence of transformations between layers of abstraction. Problem Software Design: choose algorithms and data structures Algorithm Programming: use language to express design Program Compiling/Interpreting: convert language to machine instructions Instr Set Architecture

  14. How do we solve a problem using a computer? • Deeper and Deeper… Instr Set Architecture Processor Design: choose structures to implement ISA Microarch Logic/Circuit Design: gates and low-level circuits toimplement components Circuits Process Engineering & Fabrication: develop and manufacturelowest-level components Devices

  15. Descriptions of Each Level • Problem Statement • stated using "natural language" • may be ambiguous, imprecise • Algorithm • step-by-step procedure, guaranteed to finish • definiteness, effective computability, finiteness • Program • express the algorithm using a computer language • high-level language, low-level language

  16. Descriptions of Each Level • Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) • specifies the set of instructions the computer can perform • data types, addressing mode • Microarchitecture • detailed organization of a processor implementation • different implementations of a single ISA • Logic Circuits • combine basic operations to realize microarchitecture • many different ways to implement a single function (e.g., addition)

  17. Descriptions of Each Level • Devices • properties of materials, manufacturability

  18. Many Choices at Each Level Solve a system of equations Jacobi iteration Gaussian elimination Red-black SOR Multigrid FORTRAN C C++ Java PowerPC Intel x86 Atmel AVR Centrino Pentium 4 Xeon Ripple-carry adder Carry-lookahead adder CMOS Bipolar GaAs Tradeoffs: cost performance power (etc.)

  19. 作業繳交規定 作業繳交規定: 1. 每次作業總分為100分。 2. 繳交期限為規定日期的11:59pm。例:5/1 pm11:59。 3.繳交作業時如果有程式的題目, 請附上原始程式碼和 執行結果, 並列印在紙上, 否則不予計分。 4. 習題的部分, 請將題目再抄一遍。 5. 抄襲作業一律扣 50分。 6. 作業請盡量以文書處理軟體(Word)撰寫並列印。

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