sterilization of operation theatres

1. SterilizationofOperation Theatresupdate Dr.T.V.Rao MD

2. History of Hygiene Bible Book of Leviticus Chapter 11 – 15 Code of Hygiene

3. Greek Era • Aristotle Greek Philosopher recommends Boiling water to armies. Advises the Alexander. Recommends hygiene for healthy living

4. HAND WASHING- Semmelweis • Practices, emphasizes the importance of washing hands with chlorinated water in Obstetrics to reduce maternal mortality

5. Beginning of Modern Nursing The Very First Requirement in Hospitals that should do the sick no harm Florence Nightingale ( Notes on Nursing 1860 )

6. Florence Nightingale creates fundamentals in Nursing care

7. Beginning of Safe Operation Theatre Practices • 1867 –Dr.Joseph Lister first identifies airborne bacteria and uses Carbolic acid spray in surgical areas • 1880 – Johnson and Johnson introduce antiseptic surgical dressings.

8. Historical Aspects Changed the History • Lister era 1868 changed the concept of safe surgical procedures. • Carbolic Acid in decontamination caused Reduction of Hospital associated infections • Mortality reduced • Morbidity reduced.

9. Sterile Environment reduces Surgical site infections. • Surgical site infectionsSSI are the second most common cause of hospital acquired (Nosocomial) infections. These complications of surgical procedures cause considerable morbidity and, when these occur deep at the site of the procedure, can lead to mortality as high as 77%. The source of SSIs may be endogenous (normal flora of the patient’s skin, mucous membranes, or hollow viscera) or exogenous, which includes surgical personnel (especially members of the surgical team), the operating room environment (including air), and tools, instruments, and materials brought to the sterile field during an operation. By maintaining sterile environment in operation theatre we can control major part of exogenous infections.

10. What is wrong with our Practices • Disinfectants used indiscrimately, • Used unnecessarily • Not used when needed. • Concentration not adequate • Economic consideration, • Business promotions. • Laboratory testing X Hospital conditions may not correlate.

11. Economical loss • Money wasted on unnecessary use. • People concentrate on Floors, Inanimate objects, If the resources are not spend with scientific understanding the limited resources are lost in particular developing countreis.

12. Basic Principles • Cleaning more Important than Disinfection and Sterilization ? • However • Cleaning Removes contaminants, Dust, organic matter, Disinfection Reduces number of microbes

13. Disinfection x Sterilization • Sterilization is absolute, removes microbes and spores too. • To achieve Sterilization is Expensive, not sustainable, many times not needed. • An effective Disinfection reduces the infections drastically.

14. Basic care of Operation Theatres. • Reduction of Microbial counts is important. • Very rarely the Microbes reach the operation site, • Paying great attention to Floors Using unnecessary, too many chemical not necessary • Keep the floor Clean and Dry - Bacteria are reduced, • Most Important component of Bacteria is water a dry areas causes natural death except spores

15. Frequent cleaning of Walls and Roof ofOperation Theatre is not needed • Frequent cleaning has little effect. • Do not disturb these areas unnecessarily, • Floors get contaminated quickly, depend on Number of persons present in the Theatre / Movements they make, has direct relation to increase of bacterial counts

16. Do not disturb the Roof • Do not disturb unnecessarily, • Do not use ceiling fans they cause aerosol spread • Clean only when remodeling or accumulated ,good amount of dust.

17. Care of Floors • Do remember only 1 % of the microbes present on the floors are pathogenic. On many occasion S.aureus. Isolated as a prominent pathogen • Floor should be decontaminated with Vacuum cleaner. and Wet cleaning techniques Keep the mops dry when not in use.

18. How you care for Floors • Use only vacuum cleaners • Don't broom • As it increases the bacterial flora in the environment

19. Cleaning the Floor • A simple detergent reduces flora by 80 % • Addition of disinfectant reduces to 95 % • In busy Hospitals counts raise in 2 hours

20. Environmental Cleaning of Operation Theatres • Do not waste chemicals. • Only remove the dust with cloth wetted with clean water, • Don't use chemicals/Disinfectants as a habit, • Use only when contaminated with blood or body fluids.

21. Handling of Air in Operation theatre. • Negative Air pressure vented to the operation theatre. • Environmental cleaning should be twice daily

22. Environmental cleaning of Hospital with Chlorinated compounds. • Disinfectant Purpose Sodium hypochlorite Contaminated with Blood and body fluids Bleaching powder Toilets, bathrooms 9 grams/lit

23. Environmental cleaning of instruments and equipment in OT • Disinfectant Alcohol 70% used in cleaning Metal surfaces and Trolleys However expensive for hospitals in developing countreis

24. Fumigationa biohazard procedure ?

25. Fumigatation • Formaldehyde a Age old compound. • Low temp heating produce vapor • Vapor phase decontaminates the air/environment. • Kills vegetative bacteria / Spore ? • When Formaldehyde mixed with water and exposed to elevated temperature • Gaseous formaldehyde is generated Time X Temp

26. Fumigation • To sterilize the operation theatre formaldehyde gas (bactericidal & sporicidal,viricidal) is widely employed as it is cheaper for sterilization of huge areas like operation theatres. Formaldehyde kills the microbes by alkylating the amino acids and sulfydral group of proteins and purine bases. • In spite of the gas being hazardous continues to be used in several developing countreis

27. Fumigation • Fumigation usually involves the following phases: First the area to be fumigated is usually covered to create a sealed environment; next the fumigant is released into the space to be fumigated; then, the space is held for a set period while the fumigant gas percolates through the space and acts on and kills any infestation in the product, next the space is ventilated so that the poisonous gases are allowed to escape from the space, and render it safe for humans to enter.

28. Procedure of Fumigation • Thoroughly clean windows, doors, floor, walls and all washable equipments with soap and water. • Close windows and ventilators tightly. If any openings found seal it with cellophane tape or other material. • Switch off all lights, A/C and other electrical & electronic items • Calculate the room size in cubic feet (L×B×H) and calculate the required amount of formaldehyde as given in

29. Personal care during fumigation • Adequate care must be taken by wearing cap, mask, foot cover, spectacle ., • Formaldehyde is irritant to eye & nose; and it has been recognized as a potential carcinogen. • So the fumigating employee must be provided with the personal protective equipments.

30. Creating the Formaldehyde gas • Electric Boiler Fumigation Method: For Each 1000 cu.ft of the volume of the operation theatre 500ml of formaldehyde (40% solution) added in 1000ml of water in an electric boiler. Switch on the boiler, leave the room and seal the door. After 45 minutes (variable depending to volume present in the boils apparatus) switch off the boiler without entering in to the room .

31. Methods on Fumigation • In principle we have to generate Formaldehyde gas. • Can be done by Most easier way to mix the needed quantity of Formalin to water and heating at lower temperatures at 800c – 900c Can done also with addition of Formalin to potassium permanganate

32. Adding Potassium Permanganate to formaldehyde.. • Potassium Permanganate Method: For every 1000 cubic feet add 450gm of Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to 500 ml of formaldehyde (40% solution). Take about 5 to 8 bowels (heat resistant; place it in various locations) with equally divided parts of formaldehyde and add equally divided KMnO4 to each bowel. This will cause auto boiling and generate fume. • After the initiation of formaldehyde vapor, immediately leave the room and seal it for at least 48 hours.

33. Fumigation to be neutralized • Neutralize Residual formalin gas with Ammonia by exposing 250 ml of Ammonia per liter of Formaldehyde used. • Place the ammonia solution in the centre of the room and leave it for 3 hours to neutralize the formalin vapor

34. An example is set as.. • Operation Theatre Volume = L×B×H = 20 × 15 × 10 = 3000 cubic feet • Formaldehyde required for fumigation = 500 ml for 1000 cubic feet • = So 1500 ml of formaldehyde required • Ammonia required for neutralization = 150ml of 10% ammonia for 500 ml of formaldehyde • = So 450 ml of 10% ammonia require

35. Need for Newer Chemical Agents in Hospital Use • 1. A need for Non Aldehyde based Chemicals is growing concern • 2 Need for quicker sterilization methods with ever increasing work loads. • 3. Need for non toxic safe agents.

36. Several Chemicals are available but the Economic Limitation are great hurdle in exploring the Utility in Developing countries

37. Bacillocid® rasant • Formaldehyde-free disinfectant cleaner with low use concentration • very good cost/benefit ratio • good material compatibility • excellent cleaning properties • virtually no residue

38. Bacillocid® rasant • Active ingredients: Glutaral 100 mg/g, benzyl-C12-18-alkyldimethylammonium chlorides 60 mg/g, didecyl-dimethylammonium chloride 60 mg/g. • Bacillocid® rasant is suitable for the disinfectant cleaning of washable surfaces using the wet-wipe-procedure. • Especially suitable for economic short-term disinfection in risk areas that are likely sources of infection

39. Newer and Non Toxic compounds. • A Chemical compound VIRKON gaining importance as non Aledyde compound. • Virkon proved to be safe Virucidal Bactericidal, Fungicidal Mycobactericidal

40. VIKRON is Finding Place in • As a Chemical disinfectant. • Disinfects Medical devices. • Disinfects Laboratory equipment. • Decontaminate spillages with Blood and body fluids. • Finding usefulness in replacing autoclaving and saving time.

41. Guidelines to be considered constructing safe operation theatres • Construction, carpentry, plumbing, electrical, cleaning and other works should be completed before the initiation of fumigation procedure. • If exhaust fan is used (instead of A/C) its exterior level fins should be closed. • Rooms allotted for operation (as shown in the plan) should not be used for other purposes. • The Construction must have • Separate dressing room for medical officer and staff nurses • Patient waiting room • Operation room • Veranda

42. Care of the self and surroundings • Theatre dress (includes head cap, mask, apron, chapel, should be made available for all persons who are entering into the operation theatre (surgeons, anaesthetist, microbiologist team, nurses, theatre assistants& helper). • Surroundings should be clean and free from garbage, open drainage, bushes, shrubs, wastes, donot keep any material which are necessary for operation theatre procedures • Operation theatre should be cleaned and fumigated as the prevailing conditions of working and work load, • Depends on septic cases handled in the theatre

43. Safety of Air conditioning andWater cooling systems • Legionnaires disease is associated with Air Conditioning system • Chlorination / Heating of water may prove better alternatives.

44. Between procedures in the Operation Theatres. • Clean operation tables, theatre equipment with disinfectant solution with detergent, • In case of spillage of blood / body fluids decontaminate with bleaching powder/chlorine solution ( 10 % available chlorine ). • Always discard wastes in prescribed plastic bags – Don’t accumulate biohazard waste in the operation theatres. • Don’t discard discarded soiled gowns in the operation theatre.

45. At the End of the Dayin Operation theatre. • Clean all the table tops sinks, door handles with detergent / low level of disinfectant. • Clean the floors with detergents mixed with warm water, • Finally mop with disinfectant like Phenol in the concentration of 1 : 10 • Low concentration of Phenol serve as perfume and not as disinfectant.

46. Infection control programmes 1 Monitoring of Hospital associated infections. 2 Training of Health care workers. 3 Investigations of outbreaks. 4 Any technical lapses. 5 Monitoring of staff health 6 Education on Universal Precautions 7 Advise on isolation of Infectious patients. 8 Waste disposal 9 Safe use of Antibiotics / Antibiotic policy.

47. Role of Microbiology Departments. • Identifies the pathogens • Monitoring of Antibiotic therapy, • Education on specimen collection and transportation, • Information on common Antibiogram patterns • Data on Hospital Infection • Surveillance of the Hospital environment • Counseling of the Infected Hospital Staff.

48. Settle plates for bacterial counts are used by Microbiologists

49. Recent advances in Air Sampling • There is a sea change in analysis of bacterial counts recent past with advances in medical technologies as in Joint replacement surgeries dealing with critical patients, Slit sampler and Air centrifuge equipment for bacterial counts are replacing settle plates. • The safe levels of colony counts can calculated as per the standards created with peer reviewed studies by microbiologists and manufacturers.

50. Slit Sampler • Very Effective / Highly sensitive • Fixed volume of air is sucked and bacterial counts are made