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SECTION 1

NATION BUILDING IN LATIN AMERICA. SECTION 1. Nationalist Revolts. In Latin America Peninsulares had all the power followed in the class system by Creoles, Mestizos, Natives, and then slaves.

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SECTION 1

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  1. NATION BUILDING IN LATIN AMERICA SECTION 1

  2. Nationalist Revolts • In Latin America Peninsulares had all the power followed in the class system by Creoles, Mestizos, Natives, and then slaves. • Napoleon’s Wars weakened their grip on power and most of Latin America was able to gain its independence.

  3. Nationalist Revolts • In Haiti a group of slaves led by Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture took control of the island of Hispaniola and declared the independent nation of Haiti on the western portion. • In Mexico Miguel Hidalgo attempted a failed revolt in 1810 but in 1821 a group of conservative elites overthrew Spanish rule and within two years Mexico had become a Republic.

  4. Toussaint-Louverture

  5. Nationalist Revolts • In South America Jose de San Martin of Argentina liberated Argentina and Chile. • Meanwhile Simon Bolivar led revolts in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador. • San Martin and Bolivar joined forces to liberate Peru. • Brazil declared its independence from Portugal in 1822.

  6. Jose de San Martin

  7. Difficulties in Nation Building • Many successful revolts were followed by chaos or strong military rule. • In Mexico Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna created chaos. • A revolt by American settlers in Texas led to a war with the United States that cost Mexico half of its territory.

  8. Difficulties in Nation Building • Even after they gained independence Latin American economies were still dominated by Great Britain. • Wealthy land owners remained the elite while many others lived in poverty.

  9. Political Change in Latin America • After 1870 many Latin American countries created constitutions like that of the United States and in Europe. • In Mexico between 1910 and 1920 general Francisco “Pancho” Villa led a group of peasants to overthrow the government and redistribute land.

  10. Economic Change in Latin America • After independence movements nations in Latin America gradually gained economic independence by exporting goods such as wheat, beef, coffee, and silver.

  11. Section 2 REACTION AND REVOLUTION

  12. The Congress of Vienna • After the defeat of Napoleon European powers met in Vienna and tried to create a “balance of power” in Europe by restoring Monarchs to their positions. • They believed this would create a lasting peace in Europe.

  13. The Conservative Order • Conservatism is a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability. • The Great Powers in Europe believed this philosophy would maintain peace. • They held a series of meetings called the Concert of Europe where they agreed to help each other put down any attempts at revolution.

  14. Liberalism • Liberalism was the political philosophy followed by revolutionaries which states that people should be free as possible from government and restraint. • This meant they believed in the natural rights of man. • They also believe laws should be made by a representative assembly.

  15. Nationalism • Nationalism is the unique cultural identity of people based on common language, religion, and national symbols. • This often led to people wanting to break away from their nations to create separate nations of only their nationality, • Other times it created a desire for people of separate states to unite into one nation of people with similar culture.

  16. The Revolution of 1848 • Continued economic problems in France led to another revolution beginning in 1846. • In 1848 the monarchy was overthrown again. • A new constitution set up a republic called The Second Republic with a legislature and a president elected by universal male suffrage. • Around this time 38 independent German states attempted to unify but failed to do so.

  17. Revolution in Central Europe • Liberals took over the Austrian capital of Vienna but eventually their rebellion was crushed by the Austrian government.

  18. Revolts in Italian States • People in Italian states controlled by Austria started to revolt in an attempt to unify but failed early on.

  19. SECTION 3 NATIONAL UNIFICATION & THE NATIONAL STATE

  20. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe • In 1853, the Russians invaded the Turkish Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia. • In response the Ottoman Turks declared war on Russia. • Britain and France feared the increased power of Russia so they also declared war. • The war became known as the Crimean War and it ended the Concert of Europe.

  21. Italian Unification • Sardinian Prime Minister Count Cavour provoked a war with Austria to gain parts of Northern Italy. • Revolutionaries GiusseppeMazzini and GiusseppeGaribaldiled revolutions in Northern and Southern Italy that finally unified all the Italian states. • Sardinian King Victor Emmanuel II then proclaimed a new kingdom of Italy.

  22. German Unification • Prussian King Wilhelm I named Otto von Bismarck his Prime Minister. • Bismarck promised to rule “by blood and iron” • The strong Prussian military would help Germans with unification.

  23. German Unification • Tensions between France and Prussia led to the Franco-Prussian War. • In the war France lost the states of Alsace and Lorraine. • The two states joined a newly formed North German Federation. • Before the end of the Franco-Prussian War Southern German states also decided to join the federation and Germany had unified.

  24. Austria-Hungary • Fiercely nationalistic Hungarians within Austria forced the creation of a duel monarchy called Austria-Hungary. • Each side had their own constitution, and legislature though they shared a monarch, foreign policy and system of finances.

  25. Russia • After losing the Crimean War Russian Czar (like a king) Alexander II issued an edict that freed the serfs. • Problems continued for the serfs who could not get ahold of quality land. • In an attempt to modernize Czar Nicholas II created the Trans-Siberian Railroad to connect European Russia with Asian parts of Russia.

  26. SECTION 4 ROMANTICISM & REALISM

  27. Romanticism • The nineteenth century brought a new intellectual movement called Romanticism. • It emphasized feelings, emotions, and imagination. • These ideas were reflected in art and music.

  28. Ludwig Von Beethoven

  29. A New Age of Science • New developments in science led to a lessoning of religious faith. • This is called secularization. • Charles Darwin wrote the “Origin of Species” which introduced the theory of evolution which became known as “Survival of the Fittest”.

  30. Realism • Realism was the belief that the world should be view realistically. • Artist and writers began to paint and write about everyday life rather than romantic heroes.

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