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Cross Country: Charts and Navigation

AF 202. Cross Country: Charts and Navigation. Objectives. Publications WAC TAC Sectional chart proficiency Navigation Computations Time/Distance to station Fuel consumption Off Course Correction. Charts. World Aeronautical Charts. Designed to cover land areas of the world

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Cross Country: Charts and Navigation

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  1. AF 202 Cross Country: Charts and Navigation

  2. Objectives • Publications • WAC • TAC • Sectional chart proficiency • Navigation Computations • Time/Distance to station • Fuel consumption • Off Course Correction

  3. Charts

  4. World Aeronautical Charts • Designed to cover land areas of the world • Best used by moderate speed aircraft traveling longer distances • 1:1,000,000 scale (1inch = 13.7nm/16sm) allows more to fit on the map making it convenient (double size of sectional chart)

  5. World Aeronautical Charts • While they can be more convenient, there is less detail than on a sectional chart • Symbols are the same as on sectional charts • Most are revised annually except Alaska and Mexico/Caribbean charts which are 2 years

  6. Terminal Area Charts • Provide greater detail for heavily congested areas • Scale 1:250,000 (1inch =3.43nm/4sm) which is half the scale of the sectional • Revised Semi-annually

  7. Sectional Charts • Most commonly used chart • Scale 1:500,000 (1inch=6.86nm/8 sm) which allows for a good balance between extended coverage and detailed information • Revised semi-annually

  8. Sectional Chart • The Cover

  9. Sectional Chart • Additional Info

  10. Sectional Chart • Legend

  11. Sectional Chart • ATC Frequencies

  12. Sectional Chart • Special Use Airspace

  13. Sectional Chart • Airports • Magenta vs. Blue • Circle vs. Outline

  14. Sectional Chart • Airport Info

  15. Sectional Chart • Airspace

  16. Sectional Chart • Airspace

  17. Sectional Chart • Airspace

  18. Sectional Chart • Airspace Heights

  19. Sectional Chart • Special Use Airspace Heights

  20. Sectional Chart • Navigational Aids

  21. Sectional Chart • Navigational Aid and Communication Box

  22. Sectional Chart • Mt. Vernonexample

  23. Sectional Chart • Obstructions

  24. Sectional Chart • Latitude • Latitude can be called parallels since they are parallel to the equator • Measure degrees North or South • Longitude • Longitude can be called Meridians since they are parallel to the Prime Meridian • Measures degrees East or West

  25. Sectional Chart • Leora: N37 W90 1’

  26. Sectional Chart • Latitude and Longitude

  27. Sectional Chart • Latitude and Longitude • Show that MDH is on:Latitude: N37 47’Longitude: W89 15’

  28. Sectional Chart

  29. Navigation Computations

  30. Time To Station • Use radials and heading change to determine time/distance to station • Rotate OBS x degrees • Turn plane x degrees opposite • Note time until radial is center • Time to station = time to intercept

  31. Time to Station 10 090 080 Time to intercept = 10 min Time to station = 10 min

  32. Time/Distance To Station • Use radials and heading change to determine time/distance to station • Rotate OBS x degrees • Turn plane 90 degrees opposite • Note time until radial is center • Apply formula

  33. Time To Station • Use the formula Time to station = 60 x Minutes flown between bearings Degrees of bearing change

  34. Time to Station 10 90 090 080 60 x 2.5 minutes 10 degrees = 15 minutes

  35. Distance to Station • Use the formula Distance to station = TAS x Minutes flown between bearings Degrees of bearing change

  36. Distance to Station 10 90 090 080 120 x 2.5 minutes 10 degrees = 30 NM

  37. Fuel Consumption Fuel Required = Rate of fuel consumption x Min. to Station 60 8.5 x 15 60 = 2.13 gallons

  38. Distance/Time/Speed • Distance = Speed x Time • If you can do basic algebra then this is all you need to remember since the rest of the formulas are determined from this one. • Speed = Distance/Time • Time = Distance/Speed

  39. Check the Time and Distance • This works out since • 60 knots = 1 NM per minute • So 120 knots = 2 NM per minute • The formula says we have 30 NM to go • 30 NM at 120 knots:Time = 30 NM/120 knots (nm/hour) ORTime = 30 NM/2 miles/min • This equals .25 hours OR 15 minutes

  40. Check your units • If it will take a pilot 30 minutes to go 45 NM, what is the speed? • Can we do this: Speed = 45 NM/30 min? Speed = 1.5??? • This is correct, but it is 1.5 NM per minute • You can multiply by 60 (60 min per hour) to get 90 knots

  41. Check your units • Or you can convert the time to hours • 30 minutes = .5 hours Speed = 45 NM/.5 hours Speed = 90 knots • Either way we get the right answer • BUT CHECK YOUR UNITS OF MEASUREMENT!!!!!

  42. Descent Planning • We can use this for descent planning • You are at 7500 MSL • Pattern altitude is 1500 MSL • How much altitude must you loose? • You are descending at 500 feet per minute • How long will it take you to descent? • Your ground speed is 120 knots • How far out should you begin your descent?

  43. Descent Planning • How much altitude must you lose? • 6000 feet • How long will it take you? • 500 fpm = 2 min per 1000 feet • 6 x 2 = 12 minutes • How far should you begin your descent? • 120 knots = 2 miles per minute • 12 min x 2 mpm = 24 miles

  44. Off Course Correction • You begin on a cross country maintaining your planned heading • Eventually you realize this heading is not keeping your on course • What heading (not just angle) will bring you directly to your destination?

  45. Off Course Correction WIND Degrees off course from destination Degrees off course from departure Desired Course How many degrees should I change my heading to track to my destination?

  46. Off Course Correction NM off course NM Flown x 60 = Degrees off course from departure NM off course NM left to go x 60 = Degrees off course from destination Degree from departure + Degrees from destination = Degrees of correction

  47. Off Course Correction 5 miles off 34 miles 73 miles 5 34 5 73 x 60 = 8.8 x 60 = 4.1 8.8 + 4.1 = 12.9 correction

  48. Don’t Forget to bring… • E6-B • Calculator • St. Louis Sectional Chart • Questions about homework

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